oct 3, 1648 - Peace of Westphalia signed

Description:

1648: peace of westphalia is signed

Weakens HRE- strips control over europe
Dutch get independence from spanish, though they don’t get their land back

Brandenburg gains territory- leads to rise of brandenburg aka prussia (foundation for german state later on)

France gains territory, solidifying rivalry between france + germany that lasts til ww2

Switzerland gains independence from HRE

No one really won, but france basically did; shift in power towards france and away from hapsburgs/hre

EFFECT:
Religious toleration increased, calvinism was accepted, private worship mostly ok (big deal bc under peace of augsburg, just lutheran or catholic)

Rulers of prussia brandenberg were calvinists, evne though most of their ppl were lutheran

Religion withdrew from diplomacy to be replaced by politics

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