apr 27, 696 - Abd al-Malik rule (20 years)

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Abd al-Malik transformed Muslim lands into a unified empire. He would spread his grandfather's administration terms across North Africa and Persia, made Arabic the common language, constructed mosques in all new lands,and perhaps most importantly, unified the coinage of the empire. He standardized financial weights and measures, and ensured that trade would flow smoothly across his vast lands. He ended the practice o featuring the ruler's image on coins, and instead used only text, notably verses from the Qu'ran.

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