jan 1, 1187 - Saladin (Ayyubid)

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Saladin, the Kurdish Muslim ruler and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin and captured Jerusalem in 1187, ending nearly 90 years of Crusader rule over the city. His victory restored Muslim control over Jerusalem and changed the political balance of the Land of Israel. For Jewish history, Saladin’s conquest was important because Jews, whose presence in Jerusalem had been devastated during the Crusader period, were allowed to return and rebuild communal life. Under Ayyubid Muslim rule, Jews lived as dhimmis: protected but legally subordinate non-Muslims who could practice Judaism and maintain their communities, while paying the jizya tax and living under Islamic legal restrictions.

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