jan 1, 638 - Umar ibn al-Khattab (Rashidun)

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Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second Rashidun caliph and one of the most important early Islamic rulers. Around 637/638 CE, Jerusalem surrendered to Muslim forces after Byzantine control weakened. This marked the beginning of Islamic rule in Jerusalem and the broader land. Jewish tradition often remembers the early Islamic period as allowing some Jewish return or renewed access to Jerusalem after Byzantine restrictions.

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