jan 1, 1000000000 - Events past 1.000.000.000

Description:

1.000.000.000: 27% of the ocean's mass will have been subducted into the mantle. If this were to continue uninterrupted, it would reach an equilibrium where 65% of present-day surface water would be subducted. The Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy will have been completely consumed by the Milky Way.

1.100.000.000: The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 10%, causing Earth's surface temperatures to reach an average of around 320 K (47 °C; 116 °F). The atmosphere will become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans. This would cause plate tectonics to stop completely, if not already stopped before this time. Pockets of water may still be present at the poles, allowing abodes for simple life.

1.300.000.000: Eukaryotic life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only prokaryotes remain.

1.500.000.000: Callisto is captured into the mean-motion resonance of the other Galilean moons of Jupiter, completing the 1:2:4:8 chain. (Currently only Io, Europa and Ganymede participate in the 1:2:4 resonance.) The Sun's rising luminosity causes its circumstellar habitable zone to move outwards; as carbon dioxide rises in Mars's atmosphere, its surface temperature increases to levels akin to Earth during the ice age. Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from the Earth to the point where it can no longer stabilize Earth's axial tilt. As a consequence, Earth's true polar wander becomes chaotic and extreme, leading to dramatic shifts in the planet's climate due to the changing axial tilt.

1.600.000.000: Lower estimate until all remaining life, which by now had been reduced to colonies of unicellular organisms in isolated microenvironments such as high-altitude lakes and caves, goes extinct.

2.000.000.000: The first close passage of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. High estimate until the Earth's oceans evaporate if the atmospheric pressure were to decrease via the nitrogen cycle.

2.550.000.000: The Sun will have reached a maximum surface temperature of 5,820 K (5,550 °C; 10,020 °F). From then on, it will become gradually cooler while its luminosity will continue to increase.

2.800.000.000: Earth's surface temperature will reach around 420 K (147 °C; 296 °F), even at the poles. High estimate until all remaining Earth life goes extinct.

3.000.000.000: The Earth's core freezes if the inner core continues to grow in size, based on its current growth rate of 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter per year. Without its liquid outer core, Earth's magnetosphere shuts down, and solar winds gradually deplete the atmosphere. There is a roughly 1-in-100,000 chance that the Earth will be ejected into interstellar space by a stellar encounter before this point, and a 1-in-300-billion chance that it will be both ejected into space and captured by another star around this point. If this were to happen, any remaining life on Earth could potentially survive for far longer if it survived the interstellar journey.

3.300.000.000: There is a roughly one percent chance that Jupiter's gravity may make Mercury's orbit so eccentric as to cross Venus's orbit by this time, sending the inner Solar System into chaos. Other possible scenarios include Mercury colliding with the Sun, being ejected from the Solar System, or colliding with Venus or Earth.

3.500.000.000: The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 35–40%, causing all water currently present in lakes and oceans to evaporate, if it had not done so earlier. The greenhouse effect caused by the massive, water-rich atmosphere will result in Earth's surface temperature rising to 1,400 K (1,130 °C; 2,060 °F), which is hot enough to melt some surface rock.

3.600.000.000: Neptune's moon Triton falls through the planet's Roche limit, potentially disintegrating into a planetary ring system similar to Saturn's.

4.320.000.000: Due to the gradual slowing of Earth's rotation, a day on Earth will be twice as long as it is today. To compensate, either a "leap day" will have to be added to the end of every day, or the length of the day will have to be officially lengthened by one day.

4.500.000.000: Mars reaches the same solar flux as that of the Earth when it first formed 4.5 billion years ago from today.

5.000.000.000: The Andromeda Galaxy will have fully merged with the Milky Way, forming an elliptical galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda". There is also a small chance of the Solar System being ejected. The planets of the Solar System will almost certainly not be disturbed by these events.

5.400.000.000: The Sun, having now exhausted its hydrogen supply, leaves the main sequence and begins evolving into a red giant.

6.500.000.000: Mars reaches the same solar radiation flux as Earth today.

6.600.000.000: The Sun may experience a helium flash, resulting in its core becoming as bright as the combined luminosity of all the stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

7.500.000.000: Earth and Mars may become tidally locked with the expanding red giant Sun.

7.590.000.000: Saturn's moon Titan, if not already ejected from the Saturnian system, may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life and would orbit further out from Saturn.

7.900.000.000: The Sun reaches the top of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value. In the process, Mercury and Venus are likely destroyed.

8.000.000.000: The Sun becomes a carbon–oxygen white dwarf with about 54.05% of its present mass. At this point, if the Earth survives, temperatures on the surface of the planet, as well as the other planets in the Solar System, will begin dropping rapidly, due to the white dwarf Sun emitting much less energy than it does today.

50.000.000.000: The Earth and Moon will become tidally locked, with each showing only one face to the other. Thereafter, the tidal action of the white dwarf Sun will extract angular momentum from the system, causing the lunar orbit to decay and the Earth's spin to accelerate.

65.000.000.000: The Moon may collide with the Earth or be torn apart to form an orbital ring due to the decay of its orbit.

100.000.000.000: All the ≈47 galaxies of the Local Group will coalesce into a single large galaxy—an expanded "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda"; the last galaxies of the Local Group coalescing will mark the effective completion of its evolution. The universe's expansion causes all galaxies beyond the former Local Group to disappear beyond the cosmic light horizon, removing them from the observable universe.

150.000.000.000: The universe will have expanded by a factor of 6,000, and the cosmic microwave background will have cooled by the same factor to around 4.5×10^-4 K. The temperature of the background will continue to cool in proportion to the expansion of the universe.

325.000.000.000: The expansion of the universe will have isolated all gravitationally bound structures within their own cosmological horizon. At this point, the universe will have expanded by a factor of more than 100 million from today, and even individual exiled stars will be isolated.

800.000.000.000: The net light emission from the combined "Milkomeda" galaxy begins to decline as the red dwarf stars pass through their blue dwarf stage of peak luminosity.

1.000.000.000.000: The universe's expansion, assuming a constant dark energy density, multiplies the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background by 10^29, exceeding the scale of the cosmic light horizon and rendering its evidence of the Big Bang undetectable. However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of hypervelocity stars.

1.050.000.000.000: The universe will have expanded by a factor of more than 10^26, reducing the average particle density to less than one particle per cosmological horizon volume. Beyond this point, particles of unbound intergalactic matter are effectively isolated, and collisions between them cease to affect the future evolution of the universe.

1.400.000.000.000: The cosmic background radiation cools to a floor temperature of 10^-30 K and does not decline further. This residual temperature comes from horizon radiation, which does not decline over time.

2.000.000.000.000: All objects beyond our former Local Group are redshifted by a factor of more than 10^53. Even gamma rays that they emit are stretched so that their wavelengths are greater than the physical diameter of the horizon. The resolution time for such radiation will exceed the physical age of the universe.

4.000.000.000.000: The red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun today, at a distance of 4.25 light-years, leaves the main sequence and becomes a white dwarf.

10.000.000.000.000: The time of the universes peak habitability ends.

12.000.000.000.000: the red dwarf star VB 10—as of 2016, the least-massive main-sequence star with an estimated mass of 0.075 M☉—runs out of hydrogen in its core and becomes a white dwarf.

30.000.000.000.000: Stars (including the Sun) undergo a close encounter with another star in local stellar neighborhoods. Whenever two stars (or stellar remnants) pass close to each other, their planets' orbits can be disrupted, potentially ejecting them from the system entirely. On average, the closer a planet's orbit to its parent star the longer it takes to be ejected in this manner, because it is gravitationally more tightly bound to the star.

100.000.000.000.000: Normal star formation ends in galaxies. This marks the transition from the Stelliferous Era to the Degenerate Era; with too little free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die. By this time, the universe will have expanded by a factor of approximately 10^2554.

120.000.000.000.000: All stars in the universe will have exhausted their fuel (the longest-lived stars, low-mass red dwarfs, have lifespans of roughly 10–20 trillion years). After this point, the stellar-mass objects remaining are stellar remnants (white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes) and brown dwarfs. Collisions between brown dwarfs will create new red dwarfs on a marginal level: on average, about 100 stars will shine in what was once "Milkomeda". Collisions between stellar remnants will create occasional supernovae.

10^15: Stellar close encounters detach all planets in star systems (including the Solar System) from their orbits. By this point, the black dwarf that was once the Sun will have cooled to 5 K (−268.15 °C; −450.67 °F).

10^19: 90–99% of Brown dwarfs and stellar remnants (including the Sun) are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy, with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. Through repeated encounters, the lower-mass objects can gain enough energy in this manner to be ejected from their galaxy. This process eventually causes "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.

10^20: The Earth collides with the black dwarf Sun due to the decay of its orbit via emission of gravitational radiation, if the Earth is not ejected from its orbit by a stellar encounter.

10^23: Most stellar remnants and other objects are ejected from the remains of their galactic cluster.

10^30: Most or all of the remaining 1–10% of stellar remnants not ejected from galaxies fall into their galaxies' central supermassive black holes. By this point, with binary stars having fallen into each other, and planets into their stars, via emission of gravitational radiation, only solitary objects (stellar remnants, brown dwarfs, ejected planetary-mass objects, black holes) will remain in the universe.

3.14×10^50: A micro black hole of one Earth mass today will have decayed into subatomic particles by the emission of Hawking radiation.

10^65: Rigid objects, from free-floating rocks in space to planets, rearrange their atoms and molecules via quantum tunnelling. On this timescale, any discrete body of matter "behaves like a liquid" and becomes a smooth sphere due to diffusion and gravity.

1.16×10^67: A black hole of one solar mass today will have decayed by the emission of Hawking radiation.

1.41×10^92: The resulting supermassive black hole of "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" from the merger of Sagittarius A* and the P2 concentration during the collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will have vanished by the emission of Hawking radiation, assuming it does not accrete any additional matter nor merge with other black holes—though it is most likely that this supermassive black hole will nonetheless merge with other supermassive black holes during the gravitational collapse towards "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" of other Local Group galaxies. This supermassive black hole might be the very last entity from the former Local Group to disappear—and the last evidence of its existence.

10^106: Ultramassive black holes of 10^14 (100 trillion) solar masses, predicted to form during the gravitational collapse of galaxy superclusters, decay by Hawking radiation. This marks the end of the Black Hole Era.

10^1100: Black dwarfs of 1.2 solar masses or more undergo supernovae as a result of slow silicon–nickel–iron fusion, as the declining electron fraction lowers their Chandrasekhar limit.

10^1500: All baryonic matter in stellar remnants, planets and planetary-mass objects will have either fused together via muon-catalyzed fusion to form iron-56 or decayed from a higher mass element into iron-56 to form iron stars.

10^10^26: All iron stars collapse via quantum tunnelling into black holes. On these timescales, the subsequent evaporation of each resulting black hole into subatomic particles (a process lasting roughly 10^100 years) and the subsequent shift to the Dark Era is instantaneous.

10^10^50: A Boltzmann brain could appear in the vacuum via a spontaneous entropy decrease.

10^10^120: The universe reaches its final energy state.

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