jul 4, 1984 - extra shit

Description:

IFN-g is involved in the steps that lead to the activation of macrophages/microglia (reviewed by Adams and Hamilton, 1992).

The kynurenine pathway is also linked to oxidative stress. Neuronal apoptosis and structural changes in specific areas of the brain, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, are related to several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (Meyer et al, 2011). Together these studies demonstrate that inflammation of the CNS can contribute to schizophrenia (Miller et al, 2011; Upthegrove et al, 2014; Goldsmith et al, 2016).

Microglia-produced TNF induces neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration as demonstrated both in vitro (Cacci et al, 2005; Monje et al, 2003) and in vivo (Iosif, et al. 2006; Kaneko et al, 2006).