Morphine (1 янв 1803 г. – 1 янв 1806 г.)

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While opium was known to cause pain relief and drowsiness, the exact component behind such was unknown to those used it. That is, up ‘til 1806, when Friedrich Serturner, then an apprentice apothecary in Germany, claimed to have isolated the responsible fraction of opium, or at least one that acted the same on dogs. For the next 11 years, this went unnoticed, until Serturner further announced the refinement of pure morphine, called morpheum then after the Greek god of sleep, and tested it on himself and 3 teenagers. While it almost killed all involved, it did work, and 5 years later, Serturner bought out the major pharmacy in Hamelin, where he worked until he died in 1841. Even though it was effective orally, as administered then, the utility dramatically climbed with the creation of the first functioning hypodermic needles by Scottish doctor Alex Wood in 1853, subsequently permitting the errant administration of morphine during the Civil, Prussian-Austrian, and Franco-Prussian wars. As a result of the negligence, morphine addiction earned the title of the army disease. History aside, morphine is objectively the standard all painkillers are held to, despite there being more effective options. Serving as less of an analgesic and more of a booster of pain tolerance, morphine effectively makes pain stop mattering to the user. Other drugs in the family are quite a bit more versatile though, covering cough suppressants, anti-diarrheal meds, and plenty more.

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