The Fusion of Buddhism and Taoism in Early China (1 янв 1 г. – 1 янв 700 г.)

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As Buddhism traveled into China along Silk Road routes (1st–7th c. CE), monks and translators deliberately used Taoist language and ideas—calling the Buddhist path “Dao” (道) and explaining nirvāṇa and emptiness with terms linked to wúwéi (無為) and qì—so Buddhist teachings felt like a deepening of ideas Chinese thinkers already knew, not a foreign replacement. [1][2] At the same time, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara was reshaped into Guanyin, shown in Chinese dress and later often female, and worshiped at shared sacred mountains and temple sites also tied to older Chinese cults. [3][4] This sharing of key words, holy places, and compassionate savior imagery helped Buddhism become “Chinese,” while pushing Taoist groups to imitate Buddhist-style scriptures, monasteries, and rituals to keep their authority, blurring the line between which gods, spaces, and practices “belonged” to whom. [1][5]

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