Old Velzen (1 янв 1280 г. – 1 янв 1500 г.)

Описание:

Phoneme inventory
/p, b, t, d, k, g/ (intervocalic /v, ð, ɣ/)
/ʦ, ʣ, ʧ, ʤ/
/f, v, θ (dialectal /f or t/), /ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/
/m, n, ŋ (before velars)/
/l, r, j, w)

Stressed: /i, e, ɛ, a, o, u/
Unstressed: /ə, i, u/
Diphthongs are largely not there, but some are in formal speech or loanwords)

Sound changes between Eteran Iopon and Old Velzen:
Further reduction of unstressed vowels, but re-epenthesis in complex clusters
Unstressed vowels dissapear in fast, colloquial speech; however heavy clusters created by syncope are relieved by epenthetic vowels (often /ə/ or /ɪ/)

Intervocalic fricatives stabilize - less deletion, more categorical voicing contrasts
Remaining fricatives/approximants re-stabilize: /v, z, ð, ʒ/ are now robust phonemes in most positions (due to Oipientian reinforcement)

Sibilant reorganization: /s/ <> /z/ split; palatal sibilants expand
/s/ becomes /z/ intervocalically in most dialects (/s/ and /z/ switch intervocalically)
Palatalization yields /ʃ, ʒ/ more frequently (especially before front vowels and in loanwords)

Affricates and palatal series consolidate
Palatalized velars and alveolars that were variable in Eteran become stable /ʧ, ʤ/ (occasionally /ʦ, ʣ/)
Contact with Oipientian reinforces this

Vowel quality shifts under Oipientian influence
Fronting and raising in mid vowels:
/e/ > /i/ in some environments; /o/ raises to /u/ in many unstressed positions
A small number of loan-induced vowels (close-mid vs open-mid) are partially reintroduced, so vowel contrasts become slightly richer in stressed syllables

Loss or leveling of residual /θ/
/θ/ (and /ð/) increasingly merge with /t/ or /f/ in different dialects (while in the Thesian dialect, it remained unchanged).
/θ/ > /f/ in coastal; /θ/ > /t/ inland

Final devoicing weakly productive; word-final obstruents often devoiced in casual registers
Final /d, g, z/ devoice to /t, k, s/ in many words

Loanword phonology: insertion of new consonant clusters and epenthetic vowels
Middle Oipientian loanwords brought consonant clusters back into the language; speakers adapt by adding epenthetic /ə/ or /ɪ/ into it.

Other:
No articles, no declension, no clitic pronouns
SVO with indirect objects expressed by prepositional phrases or verb-prefixes
Pronouns remain independent
Auxiliaries continue to dominate verbal tense/aspect marking; some Oipientian auxiliaries are borrowed
Prosody: Stress remains lexical but shows some tendency to shift under Oipientian prosodic influence

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