The Mamluk Sultanate (1 янв 1260 г. – 1 янв 1517 г.)

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The Mamluk Sultanate, known for ruling Egypt, the Levant, and the Hejaz from the 13th to the early 16th centuries, was a state governed by a military caste of freed slave soldiers under a sultan. Originating from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid dynasty, the sultanate started in 1250 by overthrowing the Ayyubids and ended when the Ottomans took control in 1517. The sultanate had two main periods, the Turkic or Bahri (1250–1382) and the Circassian or Burji (1382–1517), named after the ethnicities of the ruling mamluks. Mamluk rule is noted for halting Mongol expansion into the region in 1260 and for significant cultural and military achievements despite internal conflicts and foreign challenges.

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