Byzantine Empire (1 янв 286 г. – 1 янв 641 г.)

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The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, continued the legacy of the Roman Empire in the east from the 5th century until its fall in 1453 to the Ottoman Empire. As a major economic, cultural, and military power in the Mediterranean, the empire underwent numerous periods of ascendancy and decline, reaching its territorial zenith under Justinian I in the 6th century. Despite various challenges, including plagues, wars, and internal strife, the empire experienced a flourishing of arts and learning, particularly during its Macedonian and Komnenian dynasties. The fall of Constantinople marked a significant shift towards the Renaissance in Western Europe, with many Greek scholars fleeing to Italy. The Byzantine legacy is profound, influencing Orthodox Christianity, art, and architecture across Europe and the Near East.

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