Third Republic (1 янв 1870 г. – 1 янв 1940 г.)

Описание:

France slowly formed a new national unity under the Third Republic, which was proclaimed after the military disaster at Sedan. France reluctantly retained republican government with a presidential system rather than a parliamentary monarchy. Moderate republicans tried to appease the next generation by legalizing trade unions, expanding its colonial empire, and broadening the state system of public schools, the final being a critical nation-building tool. Many catholics, who had historically been against republicanism and secularism, as well as Pope Leo XIII, accepted the republic. Church-state conflicts were eased until the Dreyfus affair.

Jewish captain in the French army Alfred Dreyfus was falsely accused and convicted of treason. It split France into the army, anti-Semites, conservative nationalists, and most Catholic establishments, and liberals and republicans. He was declared innocent, but afterwards, the government cut all ties between church and state. Deep religious and political divisions challenged the stability of the Third Republic.

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