French Reform (1 янв 1814 г. – 1 янв 1830 г.)

Описание:

France experienced dramatic political change that especially demonstrates the disruptive potential of popular liberal politics. The Constitutional Charter that Louis XVIII adopted was a limited liberal constitution; it protected economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and the peasantry in the France Revolution, permitted some intellectual and artistic freedom, and created a parliament with upper and lower houses. Louis XVIII appointed moderate royalists as his ministers who sought and obtained the support of a majority of the representatives elected to the lower Chamber of Deputies between 1816 and 1824. The Charter was, however, hardly democratic, yet those who could vote had diverse backgrounds.

Louis’s successor, Charles X, was conservative. He wanted to re-establish the older order in France and turned to military adventure in an effort to rally French nationalism and gain support after being blocked by opposition. He thus turned towards Muslim Algeria, part of the Ottoman Empire. A French force took the capital city in 3 weeks. Algerians revolted and wages war until 1831, until the French finally subdued them. This marked the rebirth of French imperial expansion, and France then encouraged immigrants to move to Algeria.

Charles then repudiated the Constitutional Charter in an attempted coup in 1830. He censored the press and issued decrees that stripped much of the wealthy middle class of voting rights. An insurrection in the capital by the middle class ensued. THe government was brought down, Charles fled, and the middle class brought Charles’s cousin, Louis Philippe, to the throne.

Philippe accepted the Constitutional Charter and adopted the current French flag. However, demand for reform remained unanswered.

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