The Protestant Reformation (1 янв 1517 г. – 1 янв 1648 г.)

Описание:

This start of a new branch of Christianity is attributed to Martin Luther, though many prior were unhappy with the Catholic Church. Some Europeans criticized its tax collection methods, the papacy, the wealth and power of the church hierarchy, the veneration of saints, the centrality of the sacraments, and/or indulgences. The early sixteenth century showed signs of anticlericalism, and there was also a resentment of clerical privileges and immunities. Swiss humanist Ulrich Zwingli believed that Christian life should be based on scripture and that indulgences, monasticism, and clerical celibacy were wrong.

The followers of Luther, Zwingli, and other reformers called for a break with Rome, and came to be known as Protestants. For the most part, they believed that salvation comes from faith alone and was irrespective of good works or the sacraments, authority rests in the Bible alone, that the church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers that was not fixed in any place or person, and that everyone should serve God in their individual calling. Protestants did, however, disagree on Mass and the idea of transubstantiation.

Educated people and many humanists were attracted to Luther's teachings and advocacies of a personal religion based on faith, a return to the spirit of the early church, the centrality of the Scriptures in the liturgy and in the Christian life, and the abolition of elaborate ceremonies. Many townspeople agreed that the clergy should pay taxes and should not have special privileges. The use of the printing press greatly aided in the spread of Protestant ideas.

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