r. Philip II (1 янв 1556 г. – 1 янв 1598 г.)

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Son of Charles V, Philip II inherited the throne of Spain. In, 1580 he inherited Portugal and the whole Iberian Peninsula was under his rule. He possessed Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, Burgundy, the Americas, was king of England from 1553-1558, and laid claim to the throne of France. During his rule, Spain reached its height of power, extent, and influence.

Philip aimed to expand the power of Spain, centralize the government, and most importantly, protect the Catholic Church and limit the spread of Protestantism.

He utilized the Spanish Armada to try to limit Protestantism in England, yet it failed. He also tried to limit Protestantism in the Netherlands, where a civil war occurred between Catholics and Protestants. He was unable to suppress the revolt. His government did, however, defeat the Ottomans, limit the spread of Protestantism in Italy and Spain, and allow a literary Golden Age to begin.

Spanish conquests in the Americas made Spain a huge profit in silver. They claimed the quinto, 1/5 of all precious metals from South America, which was 25% of its income. However, the money soon worsened inflation. Philip tried to write off state debt several times, but only after 1600 when the population started to decrease did it start to stabilize.

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