Kingdom of Italy (2 янв 855 г. – 1 янв 1197 г.)

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Part of Holy Roman Empire. The 11th century was a reaction against control of the Holy Roman Emperors, with Milan part of the city-state movement with the will to fight against feudal powers. However, the city-states began fighting each other to limit neighboring powers. Milan destroyed Lodi and continually warred with Pavia, Cremona, and Como, who asked Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa for help, prompting him to take Milan in 1158, though Milan soon rebelled again and this time Frederick largely destroyed it in 1162. A period of peace followed, until the Lombard League was founded in 1167 allying many Italian city-states. The Peace of Constance in 1183 ended this rebellion, and gave Milan general independence.

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