The Crusades (1 янв 1095 г. – 1 янв 1492 г.)

Описание:

Driven by religious faith. Seljuk turks sack the holy cities and make it difficult for Christians to undergo their pilgrimages-->the pope calls for people to help Byzantine empire and take Jerusalem. Mainly fought the Fatimid Egyptians, who captured the holy lands before crusaders arrived.

Turkish muslims=sunni, did not help Shia Egypt

By 1100s, christians nobles held Jerusalem and Antioch as catholic cities

Second crusade=failure

Third crusade=Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, captures Jerusalem, causing Pope Gregory the 8th to call for a crusade. Didn't capture Jerusalem, but made Egypt the target.

4th crusade: Go by boat, making largest fleet in Europe since Roman Empire. Venetians make boats if they capture city of Zara, which was a Christian city, and caused the pope to excommunicate them and Venetians. Failed to take Zara, but an emperor (Alexius III) offered to pay them if they helped him out (meaning they helped an orthodox). They didn't get the money, so they sack Constantinople.

The 4th crusade never actually took the holy land, but it made crusades from this point on about any enemy of the catholic church

Byzantine empire never recovered

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