Qing Dynasty (2 март 1644 г. – 1 янв 1912 г.)

Описание:

Ming weakened by
*Little ice age→ agricultural distress, causing famine and large uprisings (1303-1800)
*The plague
*Silver inflation
*Mongols and pirates (external threats)

The fall of the Ming:
When the Ming seek help in the Imjin war from the Manchu, the Manchu help but later turn on them, capturing Beijing and establishing the Qing


The Qing:
Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722) renews economic, military and cultural achievements in China
*Encourages foreign trade
*Repairs roads and waterways
*Cuts rents and interest rates
*Lowers transit taxes
*Establishes incentive for resettling areas devastated by peasant rebellions
*Signs treaty with Russia in 1689 to end struggle over territory
*Leads troops to defeat Galdan on Mongolian frontier, brining inner Mongolia under Qing control

Decline of the Qing:
1. Overpopulation in 1700s--> intensified food demand + economic and environmental decline
(floods, grand canal becomes unusable)
*Begging, prostitution and theft increases in cities

2. Vast empire was about twice the size of Ming with the same amount of officials→ too much for the Qing to control

3. Qing’s reliance on working alliances with local elites led to widespread corruption and shrinking government revenues. The Qing’s rise ends, and it declines

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