French Wars of Religion (1 янв 1562 г. – 1 янв 1598 г.)

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The French Wars of Religion were a period of war and popular unrest between Catholics and Calvinist Protestants in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598. the conflict took place during the long regency of Queen Catherine de' Medici. It is estimated that three million people perished in this period from violence, famine, or disease in what is considered the second deadliest religious war in European history. It involved a dynastic power struggle between powerful noble families in the line for succession to the French throne: the wealthy, ambitious, and fervently Catholic ducal House of Guise and their ally Anne de Montmorency, who was commander in chief of the French armed forces versus the less wealthy House of Condé. This was a branch of the House of Bourbon which involved princes of the blood in the line of succession to the throne who was sympathetic to Calvinism. Foreign allies provided financing and other assistance to both sides, with Habsburg Spain and the Duchy of Savoy supporting the Guises, and England supporting the Protestant side led by the Condés and by the Protestant Jeanne d'Albret, wife to the King of Navarre, and her son, Henry. The conflict finally ended in 1598 when the Protestant Henry of Navarre, heir to the French throne, converted to Catholicism and was crowned Henry IV of France. He issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Calvinist Protestants substantial rights and freedoms though this did not end Catholic hostility. The wars of religion threatened the authority of the monarchy, which was already fragile under the rule of Catherine's three sons and the last Valois kings.

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