События
Rudolf Virchow attributes "catarrhal jaundice" to non-infectious duodenal inflammation.Two outbreaks of jaundice follow smallpox vaccinations in Germany—early evidence of serum-transmitted hepatitis.Over 50,000 cases of jaundice occur in the US Army following yellow fever vaccination containing human serum.The terms hepatitis A (short-incubation) and hepatitis B (long-incubation) are introduced.Baruch Blumberg and colleagues discover the “Australia antigen” (HBsAg), later identified as a marker of HBV.Complete viral particles of HBV (Dane particles) are visualized by electron microscopy.The first blood screening for HBsAg is implemented to improve transfusion safety.A plasma-derived vaccine against HBV is licensed.Recombinant HBV vaccine becomes available, offering safer and more scalable immunization.The first direct-acting antiviral (lamivudine) for HBV is approved by the FDA.Периоды
Jaundice observed following injection of arsenicals, convalescent plasma, and blood transfusions.Liver biopsies demonstrate hepatic inflammation, challenging the theory of non-infectious jaundice.Liver function tests (LFTs) enable detection of asymptomatic carriers; chronic HBV infections recognized.Studies link HBsAg to hepatitis, showing presence in patients with liver disease and asymptomatic carriers.
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