AA Timeline
Category: История
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OCR Alevel USA Civil Rights 1865-1992
Авторы
Created bygabriella houghton
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События
End of the civil war in America13th Amendment
banning slavery14th and 15th Amendment
made is so no state could deny any person their rightsEnforcement Acts
banned discrimination
overturned state laws that banned AA votes
April 871- KKK act, made it a federal offence
to conspire against citizens
-SC declared literacy tests constitutional, making it harder
for AA to voteBlack Codes - restricted AA right to work and compete
against white Americans for jobs
- allowed for further segregationPlessy V Ferguson
- separate but equal
- allow for segregationPresident Andrew Johnson
Social + Political Impact
allowed for black codes to be passedW.E.B Du Bois 1868-1963
Social Impact
-against working with white for equality
- Talented Tenth leads into AA social EqualityJim Crow laws passed
- increasing segregation
- in Tennessee 1881 started with railcards
by 1890 it was most public spacesBooker T Washington 1856-1914
Political Impact
-believed education and hard work
was the most important for AA rights
- told them to accept white supremacy and work for their own progress
- thought political CR should be abandonedfounding of the NAACP
National Association of Coloured People
-1st major organisation
- dominated by white liberals
-challenged Jim Crow lawsCIO prohibit discrimination in its unionlittle was done to increase AA voters or end segregationMarcus Garvey began leading for political rights not just economicFormation of CORE
Congress Of Racial Equality
- united white liberal opinion with specific targets
Core impacts:
- use of freedom rides in 1947 to challenge segregation
- provoked mob violence in Annistan + Birmingham
- led to JF Kennedy passing and authorising Interstate Commerce CommissionNAACP Youth Council 1958
- organised sit-ins to desegregate lunchMontgomery Bus Boycott
challenge segregationCR Employment ActWomen's Political Council
- led by Jo Ann Robinson
- wanted to increase political leverage, and number of voters
- mostly mid-classSothern Church Leadership Conference 1957
- guided political philosophy
- used mass demonstrations to gain white support
- first in Georgia 1961
_ then in Birmingham police chief Connor unintentionally
helped the cause when using force
- 1964 St Augustine 72 year old mother of the Governor of Massachussetted got arrested
for breaking segregation lawsNation Of Islam 1960
- gave additional strength to the SCLC
- separate from whitesCivil Rights Act 1964
prevent juries discriminating on casesVoting Rights Act 1965Black Panthers 1966
-set up self defence groups against police brutality
-aims were more social and economic then political
- did increase black identity and black pride bringing unityJesse Jackson
Political Impact
- run for president in 1984 winning 3.5 million votes
- run for president 1988 winning 7 million vote
formed PUSH and Rainbow Coalition to help to unite CR groupsReagan
Social Impact
- decreased welfare benefits which affected AA greatlyNixon Affirmative Action
Economic Impact
- allowed AA to be given a certain % of the job
meaning that a certain % of workers in a specific
field had to be AA
- increasing job opportunitiesKey
Political change = purple
Social Change =Pink
Economic Change = Green
Important People = Red-white supremacists in the south
were strong in this period, bourbon aristocracy,
wanted to exclude black political power
-Georgia Black built 1,554 schools, educating
11,000 students
- there were all black towns such as Allensworth in California10% of AA did live in ghettosdisenfranchisment meant that AA couldnt vote
-sharecropping continued but a different word was used Peonage, which was
debt slavery, which could be prolonged and manipulated by white owners
-approximately 1/3 of convicts in convict-leasing were under 16Lynching peaked to approximately 2
murders each week
-2/3 of lynchings were done on accusations that
AA had SA white women
- managed to reach up to 5 killed every 2 daysWorld War 1
1,154,720 AA fought in WW1
but they were in segregated unitsIda B Wells
Social Impact
-campaigned for anti-lynching laws
- sue railway companies
- participate in the 1909 Niagra MovementThe Great Migration 1910
- led to 6 million AA migrating north for better working opportunities
-- AA benefit from relief programmes as they were the ones
to be laid off from work first in times of desperation.
- also couldn't get jobs due to the minimum wage regualtions
-Wagner Act 1933 made labor unions legal, encouraging unionisation but also
allowed for discrimination to persist
30% of AA families were on relief compared to the 10% whiteApproximatley 50,000 AA lost their jobsBrown V Topeka Board of Education 1954
- allowed for the desegregation of schools to beginLittle Rock 1957
- the NAACP enrollec 9 AA kids into the high school
of Little Rock
- they were denied entry and the National Guard in Akansa
got envolvedBrowder V Gayle 1956
after montgomery bus boycott declared segregation as
unconstitutionalRevival of the KKK 50s-60s
-stemming from WW2
- there were waves of bombing AA homes and with
sympathies form chief Conor it allowed attacks to continue without
investigation
-KKK revival after the Enforcement act
from the birth of a nation film
- painted KKK as heros
-kkk in 1920s began to decline again, but attacks continues
- though membership fell from 4 mill in 1920 - 30,000 1930Death of Medgar Evans 963
caused March on Washington demanding
CRAFormation of the White Citizen's Council
-similar to KKK
- used intimidation to get AA to not fight for their rightsWCC
Social Impact and Political
white governers involved
Orval Faubus
George WallaceContinued police brutality
Beating of Rodney KingUse of violence in the BP movement
caused divides in organisationWatts Riots Los Angeles 1966-68
when drunken black driver was arrested and beaten by police
- media coverage helped to show the importance of the fight for AA civil rightsFreedman's Bureau 1865-72
provided, housing, employement, food and education
- only had a short term impact due to KKK
- still 90% of AA children couldnt write compared to the 15% of whites
- federal funded, without support from gov this wouldnt workSelf help groups were established by freedmen
they joined together for the earnings to buy land
-this would help them to provide education
-With the 13th Amendment being passed it meant they would be free but didn't gain immediate
rights
- freed approximately 1/2 million people which is only a fraction of the 4million that were enslaved
at the outbreak of the civil warOnce freed many AA would continue to stay on the property
an work as sharecroppers, meaning that white people owned the land
but they worked itMenphis May Race Riots 1866
46 AA killed
police took part in the violenceFormation of the Ku Klux Klan
- formed in Tennessee
-due to legislation like black codes, jim crow laws it allowed
for the KKK to continue their methods of lynching and violence
- caused 2000 deaths and injuries in Louisiana alone on the lead up to the 1865 electionsMarcus Garvey 1887-1940
- economic impact
- set up the Universal Negro Improvement Association
- USA raised funds in 1916 for institute in Jamaica
-Made the Black Star Line for trade with Africans
- began the idea of separatism or was the first most influential person
pushing for black pride and pan-africanism
-Inspired Black PanthersBlack Panthers
wanted economic equality
- influenced by Malcolm X
- set up a 10 point programme to end police brutality,
increase AA employment, improve land and housing bringing
justice to allJim Crow Laws not just political and social
allowed for segregation in all areas of life, school, work, shopsBlack Codes
Prevented AA competing for jobsCivilian Conservation Corps 1933
set up to help those who had been unemployed
by the great depression
- wasnt specific to just AA though it did aid them.
- statement within it to not discriminate on the account
of race,color or creedLBJ 1963-69
signed acts to prohibit discrimination CRA '64
in housing, sale, rental to help lessen the economic sufferage AA facedEisenhower 1955
Passed an executive order
'Equal Opportunity' in ALL federal employmentthe Affirmative Action was also an attempt to
extend the Fair Employment Practices Commissions
to prevent discrimination in the work place-AA pay doubled from 1950-1989
- it was still less than White Americans and the income gap did increase
from $7,000 in 1950 to $12,000 in 1980
-male hourly wage for AA was $6.26 but white male was $7.69Economic inequality remained in 1987
77% High-school graduated were white compared to the 63% AACRA 1991 Employment
put a burden on employers and businesses not to
discriminate due to raceEqual Opportunities Act 1972
increased AA employment, and extended it to all federal
and local governmentsPresident Carter 1977-81
Economic Impact
- economic problems rose due to inflation of oil prices etc,
had similar effect to the depression on AA
harder for them to find jobsEconomic
AA established all black unions
and owned their own insurance companies and bankingAA did achieve constitutional guarantees even if they weren't reinforced
- in the industrial age it was possible for them to own their own businesses
- 1877 infamous deal between Hayes and Tilden took place at a BLACK OWNED
hotelEconomic success occurred more often
in the north than the southformer slave Mary Fields became stage coach driver
and AA law men like Deputy Marshal who shot 14 outlaws
he arrested thousandsGeorgia Black built 1,544 schools
educating 11,000 students
all black universities were also built such as
howards, 1867
Tuskegee 1881
Lincoln 1854
and the Black Ivy LeagueLiteracy tests were declared constitutionalAgricultural Adjustment Act 1993
-aimed to help farmers by cutting farm production
and increase food prices
- but less production means less work and therefore less money and
more economic struggleNew Deal
- did help to bring recognition to AA culture
such as writers, artists and jazz music
-this helped to boost their status and paved the way for post
war changes
- Lena Horne, Duke Ellington and Richard Wright were aided by
the federal arts programme
- which was influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in 1920Wagner Act 1933
made it so then monpolies formed and allowed unionisation
which put people in jobs in a position to not help those who werent unionised
- once wages were high again unions dropped due to better positonThe CCC and TVA had racial segregation and the AAA caused
sharecroppers to suffer as production was cut, and 200,000 had to travel
to towns for workBlack Panthers and the black power moevemnt
brought attention to the unfair living, working and police brutality against AAEmancipation Proclamation1863
- banned slavery but led to shared cropping
which is the equivalent of slaveryThe Universal Negro Improvement Association 1914
- set up by Marcus Garvey
-not solely a "Back to Africa" movement, the organization
did work to arrange for emigration for African Americans
-wanted to build a black governed nationStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1960s
- initially were nonviolent group
- organised sit-ins at schools and universities
- led by Ella Baker, she got 200 people to participate
- later became more violentПериоды
ReconstructionNew Deal 1933-1938Black Power MovementGilded Age 1875 - 1902
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