Intercultural Studies Timeline
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GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONEstablishment of The Bank of EnglandDeath of Queen AnneActs of Union: Combined the British and Scottish parliaments into one United Kingdom of Great BritainJACOBITES REBELLION: "James III" led a failed uprising against King George I in an attempt to restore the Stuart monarchy"The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope with satire in his mock-heroic narrative poetryBUBBLE ACT: South Sea Company"Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe (one of the earliest of English novels)Robert Walpole was appointed 1st. Prime Minister"Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift, a classic prose satire on travel, discovery, and human nature"The Dunciad" by Alexander PopeFrance made an alliance with SpainCreation of Cricket and FootballParliamentary Acts on Enclosures"A Dictionary of English Language" by Samuel JohnsonThe British managed to take India (East India) from the French (French lost territories in America)Britain was drunk with victory.The British took Quebec (Canada)"The History of Tom Jones" by Henry Fielding, a novel exploring issues of morality and social class.PROCLAMATION ACT: limited colonial expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native AmericansSUGAR ACT: aimed at raising revenue from the colonies by taxing imported sugar and molassesSTAMP ACT: the British Parliament imposed a direct tax on the colonies, leading to widespread protestsDECLARATORY ACT: asserted Parliament’s right to tax the coloniesTOWNSHEND ACTS: Charles Townshend skirted around the opposition to an internal tax and imposed duties on: lead, glass, paint, paper and tea (imported to the colonies)Lord North’s cabinet repealed all duties except those on teaBOSTON TEAPARTY: a rebellion, colonists protested the Tea Act by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor.COERCIVE ACTS: British response to the Boston Tea Party; known to Americans as the Intolerable ActsDECLARATION OF THE US INDEPENDENCEBattle of YORKTOWNTREATY OF PARISTHE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICADECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZENBeginning of Romanticism in English literature by William Blake, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge"Vindication of the Rights of Woman" by Mary Wollstonecraft, one of the first feminist tracts calling for women's rightsIreland joined the United Kingdom of Great BritainIntroduction of the Iron Plough, replacing wooden plows with iron versions for more efficient farmingOpening of a superphosphates factory in London by Sir John Bennet Lawes – A major development in the use of fertilizers for agricultureInvention of the Mechanical Thresher by Andrew MeikleWilkes, the Prime Minister, was sent to prison in the Tower of London. Because George III made peace with Fance
and left Prussia to fight France alone, Wilkes made a strong attack on the government in his newspaper.
He believed that freedom of speech was the basic right of every individual.Fundation of Britain's Royal Academy (for artists)Thomas Paine Common Sense's quotes"The Wealth of Nations" by Adam SmithHargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny to spin wool or cottonJames Watt patented a more efficient steam engineArkwright opened a cotton-spinning mill with a machine called a water frame. He opened his first factory at Cromford with its own factory systemMiller patented a machine with a circular sawCrompton invented a new cotton-spinning machine called a spinning mule.Loss of all the American colonies: After the American War of Independence, Britain lost its American territoriesThe Montgolfier brothers invented the hot air balloon.Cort invented the puddling processCartwright invented a loom that could be powered by a steam engine.Kay invented The Flying ShuttleBlasting was done with steam powerMurdoch invented gaslightWhitney indeed the cotton ginFirst steam Railway journeyDavy invented the Safety LampNiepce created the first permanent photograph from a camera imageBurt invented the first typewriterThe first electric generator invented by FaradayFACTORY REGULATION ACT: limited the number of hours that women and children were allowed to workThe Poor Law created workhouses for the destituteFirst electric telegraph by Cooke and WheatstoneIrish Potato FamineThe British occupied Georgia and Spain joined France against BritainTHE LEAGUE OF ARMED NEUTRALITY: Led by Russia including Sweden, Denmark and later Holland and PrussiaJethro Tull’s invention of the Seed Drill and the horse - drawn hoeSavery invented the pumping engine.Newcomen made steam engines to pump water from mines. He invented the first steam engine.Batalla de la Vuelta de ObligadoDarby started using coke instead of charcoal to melt iron oreIllegal to smoke and sell opium in China: efforts to curb the trade of opiumFranklin invented the lighting rodWatt invented the first practical steam engineQueen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition of the Industries of All Nations inside the Crystal palace, in LondonRailway to transport people for one penny a mileOtis invented the elevator safety break"The Origin of Species" by Charles DarwinTHE GREAT STINK: a public health crisis in London due to inadequate sewage systemsNobel invented dynamiteDeath of Prince Albert of Saxe-CoburgTrade Unions Congress was established for collective bargaining and they employed “strike” as a weaponPublication of the Queen’s book “Our Lives in the Highlands”FORSTER'S EDUCATION ACT: enforced compulsory education for the first timeEDUCATION ACTLouis Pasteur invented the vaccineThe first QWERTY keyboard.Law that prohibited boys from climbing chimneys to clean themJingoism created by a famous Music Hall SongBritain invaded Egypt to protect international shipping: The British empire’s influence extended through control of key architectural and infrastructure projects like the Suez CanalBritain invaded and took over SudanJustice of The Peace lost all their local government and administrative powersEuropean countries agreed by treaty to divide Africa into “areas of interest”. It was called "The Scramble for Africa"Battle of CullodenMore people accepted the idea that the government must interfere to protect the poor and the weak: early developments in social reformThe idea of creating new colonies reappears: The British Empire continued its expansionist policiesMarx’s Communist Manifesto: theoretical work that inspired socialist movements worldwideBritain was producing more iron than the rest of the world combined: a sign of Britain's industrial dominanceThe first modern typewriterFIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESSOLIVER TWIST by Charles Dickens: literature (a novel we have read)PRIDE AND PREJUDICE by Jane Austen: literature (a novel we have read)PHILLIS WHEATLEY: an american woman, the first African-American author of a published book of poetryFIRST ROYAL PHOTOGRAPH taken by William Constable: a daguerreotype of Prince AlbertTHE LOST CHORD by Sir Arthur Sullivan: music from the 19th. centuryFOUR SEASONS by Antonio Vivaldi: music from the 18th. centuryROYAL ALBERT HALL by Francis Fowke and Henry Young Darracott Scott: a bulding from the 19th. centurySAINT PAUL'S CATHEDRAL by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke: building from the 18th. centuryTHE NIGHTMARE by Henry Fuseli: a painting from the 18th. century.WOMAN WITH A PARASOL - Madame Monet and Her Son by Claude Monet: a painting from the 19th. centuryEnglish Invasion in ArgentinaEnglish Invasion in ArgentinaRevolución de MayoIndependencia ArgentinaThe British took Montreal to control fish, fur and wood trades"Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe. Walpole's political enemy Lord Chatham agreed with his writing.British pride expressed in anational song "Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves, Britons never never never shall be slaves"Parliament was not democratic, the vote was not secret and it was only for house owners with a certain income.Quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in AmericaEngland was still a land of small villages. Bad smell and no drainsLondon had a street lighting systemTowns asked Parliament to allow tax their citizens in order to provide social serivcesIMPROVEMENTS: classical styles houses, fashionable and natural-looking gardensIn Edinburgh, the kilt and tartan were forbidden, they now wear Lowland (English) clothesThe tartans worn were recognised as "clan" tartans by the men who had fought in CullodenThe problem holding back industrial growth was fuelJohn Wilkinson built the world's first iron bridgeWatt produced an engine with a turning motion, no longer dependent on natural powerRioters - Luddites started to break up the machinery which had put them out of work.
The government punished this by deathJohn Wesley's "Methodism": personal and emotional form of religion which avoided politicsThe slave trade was abolished in BritainSlavery was finally abolished in al British coloniesFACTORY ACT: Parliament limited child labour to twelve hours each dayA new law forbade the employment of children under the age of nine"Reflections on the Revolution in France" by Edmund Burke"The Rights of Man" by Tom PaineBritain went to war after France had invaded the Low Countries (now Belgium and Holland)Battle of TRAFALGAR: The commander of the British fleet, Admiral Horatio Nelson, destroyed the French-Spanish fleetAn army commanded by Wellington landed in Portugal to fight the FrenchWellington, after victoires against the French in Spain, invaded France - Napoleon surrenderedBattle of WATERLOO: Wellington defeated Napoleon in BelgiumThe government made the railway companies provide passenger trains for one penny a mile16% of the population were "in service" in private homes, more than were in farming or in the cloth industryOUTBREAK OF CHOLERA: proper draiins and water supplies were limited to those who could afford themBritain was forced to leave the occupation of EgyptThe white colonies were alloed to govern themselves but Lord Durham understood this as trouble in CanadaOnly 19% of Londoners went regularly to churchPeople started to think about enjoying some free time.
Football became a popular sportA county championship of Cricket took place each year from now onBy the end of the century, 30% of the nation was extremely poorTHE SALVATION ARMY: a religious movement by William Booth.
A reminder that while Africa was being called "the dark continent", the real "darkness" was just down the road.Battle of BOSWORTH: Henry VII beat Richard IIIMARRIAGE: Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, niece of Richard III, to attain a lasting peace.
The two roses, the red and the white, will merge to form the TudorsARTHUR: train for the throneMARGARET: to make a good political marriageHENRY: train for the churchMARY: to make a good political marriageMarriage of Arthur (15-year-old) and
Catherine of Aragon, a kingdom in SpainArthur dies because of sweat in sicknessElizabeth of York died of an infection following childbirth.
It was her birthday and she was just 37.Margaret Tudor married James IV of ScotlandHenry VII died of tuberculosisHenry VIII became king of England, at 18 years old.
He married his brother's wife, Catherine of Aragon.
She gave him a son, but he died few weeks afterMary I born, daughter and only child
of Henry VIII and Catherine of AragonMary Tudor (18) married to Louis XII, the 52-year-old king of France.
He died 3 months later and she married Charles BrandonMary Tudor married Charles BrandonSince Catherine couldn't give him a son, Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn.
Divorces (anulment) were not allowed, Henry tried to find a biblical reason
(he said he felt awful about marrying his brother's wife); this was "The Great Matter".
Of course, the Pope said no because it was a silly argument.
That didn't work, he broke from Rome, and changed the country from Catholic to Protestant.
He created the Anglican Church / Church of England.Elizabeth I born, daughter of Anne and Henry VIIIHenry VIII had a jousting accident, and Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant, lost the babyAnne Boleyn was executed because she didn't give Henry a son.
He made up that she cheated on her, it was a tight to kill a woman who commited adulteryHenry VIII married Jane SeymourEdward VI bornJane Seymour died to childbirth infectionHenry VIII's fourth marriage was a political one arranged by his advisor Thomas Cromwell.
He married Anne of Cleves but he said that she smelled and that she looked like a flander's mare.
So they divorced amicably. Thomas Cromwell, however, lost his headHenry VIII (49) married to Catherine Howard (16),
cousin of Anne BoleynCatherine Howard was executed, "guilty of adultery"Henry VIII married to Catherine Parr,
who he stayed with until he diedHenry VIII died at the age of 55 of renal and liver failure.
He was buried next to Jane Boleyn, who gave him a sonEdward VI became king at the age of 9. As Edward did
not want his catholic sister (Mary I) to revert the country back
to catholicism, he will pass the reign to Lady Jane Grey.Edward VI diedLady Jane Grey succeeded to the throneLady Jane Grey married to Guildford Dudley, a move orchestrated by her
father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, to secure the throne for his familyLady Jane Grey's reign lasted 9 days because she
was being managed and manipulated by the Dudley familyLady Jane Grey was executed of high treasonMary I succeeded to the throne. She married Philip II of Spain,
as he was catholic like herself. She tried to revert the country back to catholicism,
leading to the persecution of Protestants, earning herself the nickname “Bloody Mary”.Mary I died with no childrenElizabeth I executed Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587, after finding
her guilty of treason for her involvement in the Babington Plot, a conspiracy
to assassinate Elizabeth and place Mary on the English throne.Elizabeth I, second daughter of Henry VIII,
became a very successful Queen but she
did not marry or have any childrenElizabeth I diedSPANISH ARMADA: King Philip II of Spain sent an armada (a fleet of ships) to collect
his army from the Netherlands, where they were fighting, and take them to invade England.James VI of Scotland and James I of England succeeded the throne of Elizabeth I. He was the only son of
Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. The Stuart dynasty startedПериоды
ENLIGHTENMENT: Adam Smith, Thomas Hobbes, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles de Montesquieu, John Locke and Isaac Newton.BRITISH AGRARIAN REVOLUTIONQUEEN ANNEGEOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC BRITISH EXPANSIONQUEEN VICTORIAHOUSE OF HANOVERWAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION: Britain fought France over control of the Austrian Empire.SEVEN YEARS' WAR (French Indian War): Global conflict between Britain and France, resulting in British territorial gains.INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: technological advancements transformed industries like textiles, iron, and steel, radically changing society and the economy.GEORGE IIGEORGE IIICOLONIAL ACTSJACOBITE REBELLION: The Scots rose again to restore the Stuarts to the throne but were defeated.AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: the colonies fought against British rule, leading to the formation of the United States of America.FRENCH REVOLUTIONBattle of SARATOGAAMERICAN REVOLUTIONOPIUM WAR in Afghanistan: Britain attacked China and forced it to allow the profitable British trade in opium from India to China.CRIMEAN WAR: Britain joined the Turks against Russia to stop its expansion into Asiatic Turkey in the Black Sea area.INDIAN MUTINY or INDIAN REBELLION against British rule in IndiaThe conditions of the poor in most of Britain greatly improved as prices fell by 40 percent and real wages doubled.RISE OF NEWSPAPERS: Increased circulation of newspapers, reflecting and shaping public opinion.OPIUM WARS: a second conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade.ROMANTIC MOVEMENT: focused on reflecting the emotional experiences of individuals.GEORGE IHOUSE OF STUART AND ORANGEGEORGE IVWILLIAM IVHOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHABRITISH EMPIREHighlanders lost their old way of life so that their chiefs could make a profit from the land.Many slaves were sent to Barbados, many of whom died young.LONDON CORRESPONDING SOCIETY: the first workin-class political organization.Most of the London area was built in response to the demand for a home in the suburbs."PRE-RAPHAELITE": art movement.ARTS AND CRAFTS movementTHE TUDORS DYNASTYBattle of THE ROSES: The Yorks, who had the white rose, and The Lancasters had the red rose
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