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Peace of Westphalia:
This peace, signed by Ferdinand III, ended the Thirty Years' War.
The need for this treaty was caused by the Protestant Reformation
creating divides between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman
Empire and all of Europe. The results were a weakened HRE, increased
religious tolerance, and France gained power. This changed the political
landscape in Europe for years.Mutiny Act:
This act occurred in England which sought to control the government's influence
over the military. Cause other countries had absolute monarchs and England wanted
to maintain its constitution, this act helped protect the people's right. This was passed during the reign of William and Mary.Act of Toleration:
This act allowed increased religious tolerance in England. After James II's
strict religious policy, William and Mary were for the people, so they created
laws to benefit them, which included religious tolerance of the various groups
from the Protestant Reformation. The result of this was that England became
inspiration to many Enlightenment thinkers, like Voltaire, for their early adaption
of Enlightenment ideals.Act of Union:
This occurred in Britain during the reign of Queen Anne. The causes of this act
was that Scotland needed protection from France due to religious differences,
and they were weakened after wars. The results of this act was that Scotland
and Britain became an united country.French Revolution begins:
The causes of the French Revolution initiated from economic crisis.
There were many expensive wars fought during the reign of Louis
XIV, causing France to be in debt.The result of this was that many
people revolted against the French society leading to the corruption of
aristocrats. This revolution shaped the modern republican system
and resulted in the growing support for individual rights. It ended
with the rise of a dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.The Irish Rebellion:
The Irish Rebellion was an uprising due to the Society of
United Irishmen who wanted to get rid of British control
and establish a republican government. The rebellion
wanted to create a country where people had liberty.
The causes were inspiration from the American and
French Revolution, need of representation for Irish people,
religious discrimination of Catholics. The results were
that this rebellion failed, Ireland was under stronger
British control by the 1801 Act of UnionWomen’s March on Versailles:
The Women’s March on Versailles was a mob of Parisian
women through Versailles who demanded Louis XVI
to end the scarcity of food and that the monarch should
return to Paris with them. The cause was increased prices
and low availability of bread. The results were that the march
was successful and proved the monarchy to be subject to
the will of the people.The Storming of the Bastille:
The Storming of Bastille was a conflict of the French Revolution
and occurred in Paris due to fears that Louis XVI was going to
arrest France’s National Assembly, causing a Parisians to
successfully lay a siege on Bastille. The causes were lack
of food, poor living conditions, and disappointment with the
government. The results were that gave rise to the idea of a
democratic government and symbolized the start of the
French Revolution.Napoleon Bonaparte takes power in France:
Napolean Bonaparte seized power in France through the
coup d’etat that overthrew the system of government under
the Directory and established the Consulate,
helping Napoleon take power. The cause of him
taking power was that he was known as a successful military
officer during the French Revolution, allowing him to be elected
in the First Consulate election. The result was he advocated
for liberal policies allowing him to change political order in France.Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French:
Napolean declared himself as the Emperor of France to show
that he had the highest authority and could not be controlled
by other powers. He rejected the republican government and
believed that a hereditary government is necessary for France.
The cause of him becoming emperor was
through the d’etat coup and his improvement of the
French nation by defending it from enemies. The results were
he reformed the government-Napoleonic CodeAbolition of Slave Trade:
The Slave Trade Act of 1807 was passed by the US Congress
and prohibited the importation of slaves into the British Empire
within US control.The cause was that more people were
concerned about the brutality of slavery in the system and
there was also more transporting of kidnapped Africans to
European colonies. The results were that transporting slaves
were band in US and British colonies, but slave labor continued
in the British Empire.American Declaration of Independence:
The American Declaration of Independence is the document officially
announcing the 13 colonies of America as free states independent
from the rule of Great Britian. The causes of the declaration include
colonists being convinced that Parliament is taking away their rights
of liberty. Events like the Boston Tea Party, Lexington and Concord,
caused the need for a declaration. The effects are that it unified the
13 American colonies by giving freedom from Britian.Seven Years' War Ends:
The Seven Year’s War was the war between France and Britain
along with other European powers for the control of North America
and India. The cause of the war includes imperial tensions between
France and Britain over territories in North America and rivalry between
Prussia and Austria to expand their territories. The effects are that
Britain emerged as a dominant force as it gained a significant number
of territories from North America.Периоды
Agricultural Revolution:
It started in Britain due to new improvements in farming technology and techniques, and Enlightenment ideas being applied to food.
This was a time of breakthroughs in agriculture that led to increased agricultural productivity, urbanization as enclosure movements
pushed peasants to cities for work (causing the Industrial Revolution), and new innovation.
Robert Bakewell used selective breeding to improve livestock, and Charles Townshend brought crop rotation to Britain.Glorious Revolution:
This occurred in England as James II fled England after his unpopular Catholic-based rule,
allowing Parliament to invite William and Mary to rule England, under a constitution.
This peaceful switch of the throne is called the Glorious Revolution.
The results of this was a constitutional monarchy in Britain which inspired many other countries.Industrial Revolution:
This was the transition from agriculture to large scale industry caused by the 2nd Agricultural Revolution,
urbanization, and new technology. The results were more economic goods, increased trade and consumerism,
more urbanization, and better efficiency. James Watt's steam engine was crucial to this event for energy as well
as many other innovators.Haitian Revolution:
The Haitian Revolution was the overthrow of the
French government by African Americas who were
enslaved by the French in Haiti involving Haitian slaves,
French colonizers, and British forces. It led a country
governed by African slaves. The causes were brutality
of French slave owners, the spread of Enlightenment
ideas from the French Revolution and a racially separate
society. The results were the abolition of slavery/ending of
Napoleon’s attempts for establishing a French EmpireReign of Terror under Robespierre:
The Reign of Terror took place during the French Revolution
and was an attempt of public executions of people who were
counter revolutionary. The cause was overthrows of the French
monarchy against France, leading to the Jacobins to begin the
Reign of Terror. The effects were that the Committee of Public
Safety was created by Robespierre. It was to defend against
rebellions from across Europe. It led to the rise of Napolean.Quasi War:
The Quasi War was an undeclared war between France
and the US. This war was the first seaborne conflict for
the newly established US Navy. The cause was that
French privateers were seizing US shipping in the
Caribbean because the US stopped paying debts to
the French government. The war ended with the
Convention of 1800, reaffirming the US the right to
free trade. The results of the war were US naval
expansion, and debates about the limits of
presidential control.Napoleonic Wars:
The Napoleonic Wars placed France in opposition to other alliances of European power.
The cause of the wars was Napoleon's desire to have control of Europe and due to the
instability caused by the French Revolution. It was an attempt to maintain the French
strength created through the French Revolutionary Wars. The war started off successful,
but then caused the defeat of Napoleon. The effects the creation of Confederation of the
Rhine, forming the basis of unification of Germany.
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