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Homo sapiens first appear (hunter-gatherers)Humans now live on every continent except AntarcticaFirst evidence of belief in the afterlifeFirst cave paintingsFirst musical instrumentsOldest evidence of Jericho (west bank of Jordan River)Catal Huyuk (Turkey) foundedSumerians migrated into MesopotamiaSome cities in Sumer were home to between 2,000 and 10,000 peopleLargest city, Uruk, had a population of 50,000The Epic of Gilgamesh is writtenSumerian king named Gilgamesh ruled the city-state of UrukSumerian city-states fell to invadersPersian people (AKA Babylonians from modern-day Iran) invaded and took control of MesopotamiaEnd of King Hammurabi's ruleThe Phoenicians occupied parts of present-day Lebanon, Israel, and JordanPhoenicians peakedCanaan was founded by Abraham (who left Mesopotamia)Severe drought in Canaan forced some Hebrews to migrate to Egypt where they were enslaved for centuriesThe Hebrews were led out of Egypt by Moses and returned to Canaan (+ Ten Commandments)Persians conquered the MediterraneanPeople in the Nile River Valley began to practice agriculture and pastoralismDeclining rainfall across North Africa caused desertificationKing Menes united Upper and Lower EgyptMentuhotep II took powerPharaoh Akhenaton tried to change Egypt's religionRamses the Great took the throneEgyptians were using hieroglyphics and papyrusNubia emerged in the Upper Nile ValleyNubia fell and reemerged as the kingdom of KushEstablished cultural and political independence from EgyptKush enjoyed its greatest powerKush-ruled Egypt was overthrown by the AssyriansKush was conquered by AxumChristianity was decreed the official religion of Axum by King EzanaAxum expanded its territories to include modern YemenAxum began to declineDravidians (indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent) established Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroAryans (from Central Asia) traveled from Persia to India)Increase in trade among Aryans due to the use of silver and copper coinsAryans developed the Sanskrit writing systemThe four Vedas (knowledge) put the brahmin into a position of authorityImportance of Vedas in Indian spiritual life wanedUpanishads (brahma, dharma, karma, and moksha)Neolithic people of the Yangtze Valley were growing ricePeople began farming soybeans and millet near the Huang He riverGroups along the Huang He took up rice farming AND first silk production of the Chinese people beganAccording to legend, a man named Yu brought order to the regionBeginning of Shang DynastyShang Dynasty ended and was replaced by the Zhou DynastyDevelopment of iron technology during Zhou dynasty changed Chinese agricultureZhou kings began to lose controlZhou kings had little power outside their own city-states.Indigenous people in the Americas (possibly from Mexico) discovered that food could be grown and not harvestedThe Chavin civilization was foundedThe Chavin civilization fell; Moche roseOlmec civilization flourished in east and central MexicoOlmec civilization fellFirst people arrived in OceaniaAustronesian-speaking people began migrating to New GuineaMinoan civilizatin was foundedMinoan civilization fellMycenaean civlization beganMycenaen civilization fellPersian WarsFirst Greek city-states emergedTyrants had overthrown the aristocrats in most city-statesMost Greek city-states overthrew their tyrantsHomer writes the Iliad and the OdysseySocrates is bornPlato is bornAristotle is bornGreece held the first Olympic GamesThe Persian Empire is foundedThe Persians conquered most of the lands from Aegean Sea to the borders of India under Cyrus the GreatDarius I takes powerXerxes takes powerAn outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persian forces of Darius, who then withdrew from GreecePeloponnesian War beginsPeloponnesian War endsMacedonian Empire beginsPhilip II was assassinated; Alexander the Great took powerSeleucids took over PersiaSeleucids no longer rule PersiaParthians begin ruling over modern-day Iraq, Iran, and much of the land bordering western IndiaParthians are defeated by the Sassanids who take powerSassanid Empire fallsRome was foundedTyrant Tarquinius Superbus takes powerPatricians overthrew Tarquinius SuperbusRome as a monarchy ends; Roman Republic startsPlebeians win right to be full citizensLaws of the Twelve Tables writtenRome now controls the entire Italian PeninsulaThe Romans defeat a Greek army that had invaded ItalyRome captures CarthageThe nomadic Vandals took CarthageNomadic Vandals conquer RomeSpartacus RebellionFirst Triumvirate formsCaesar defeats Pompey and becames dictator for lifeCaesar is killedBattle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony and becomes ruler of RomeRoman Empire beginsRoman Empire falls to Germanic ruler OdovacerNero takes powerNero's rule endsRomans capture JerusalemRoman Emperor Constantine declared Christianity legal in the Edict of MilanConstantine moves the capital to ConstantinopleGermanic Visigoths sack RomeDiocletian takes powerDiocletian's rule endsDiocletian divides the empire (Rome - west, Byzantium - east)Siddhartha Gautama left to establish BuddhismPersian armies conquer the Indus ValleyAlexander the Great takes over the Persian empireMauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta MauryaAshoka began his ruleAshoka's rule endsMauryan Dynasty fallBactria and the Kushan Empire begin to rule the subcontinentBactria and the Kushan Empire end rule over the subcontientGupta Empire beginsGupta Empire fallsWhite Huns take over western India and destroyed the Gupta Empire's trade with RomeConfucius is bornLaozi is bornQin Dynasty beginsQin Dynasty endsQin diedQin general led a revolt; Han Dynasty beginsHan dynasty ends; divided into 3 kingdomsHan Wudi takes powerHan Wudi's rule endsPaper invented by the ChineseWang Mang takes the throneWang Mang's rule endsPeasants begin revoltingMoche civilization endedTeotihuacan foundedTeotihuacan reaches its peakFire at Teotihuacan; people left for the Mayan civilizationMayan civilization began to establish small settlementsMayan religious centers grow into citiesAstronomy observatory, the Caracol, is builtRapid changes in Mayan cultureByzantine Empire stretches over lands bordering MediterraneanJustinian I's rule beginsJustinian I's rule endsByzantine Empire nearly bankruptIslamic forces put Constantinople under siegeHeraclius takes powerHeracleus's rule endsSyrian dynasty takes power over Byzantines; Leo III begins ruleLeo III's rule endsUmayyad Caliphate beginsUmayyad Caliphate falls; Abu al-Abbas founds the Abbasid dynastySui dynasty beginsSui dynasty ends; Tang dynasty beginsRebellions in northern ChinaTang Taizong begins ruleTang Taizong's rule endsNeo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi is bornZhu Xi diesThe Tale of Genji is publishedThe Mongols conquer what is left of the Abbasids; Abbasid Caliphate is dissolvedBasil II begins ruleBasil II's rule endsByzantine forces defeated the Bulgars at the Battle of KleidionCyril created his own alphabetSchism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox ChurchSilk weaving develops as an important industry in the Byzantine empireSulla diesInvasion and occupation of Rome by MariusTurks invaded from east and conquered ConstantinopleByzantines lose most of Anatolia = no food sourcePrince Vladimir of Kiev converts to Orthodox ChristianityPrince Vladimir takes power over Kievan RusPrince Vladimir's rule endsMuhammad proclaims himself as last prophet of AllahMuslims take control of Byzantine Syria, Palestine, and most of Mesopotamia from SassanidsCompass is inventedMuslims take Byzantine Egypt and North AfricaMuslims control Sassanid dynasty and PersiaMuslims control Hindu India, northwestern Africa, and Iberian PeninsulaUniversity of Constantinople is foundedSeljuk Turks defeated Byzantine forces in the Battle of ManzikertNormans take control of Sicily and southern Italy from the ByzantinesOttoman Turks conquer ConstantinopleThree identifiable Slavic-language groups begin to emergeEast Slavs make contact with te VikingsVikings rule the region and the East SlavsYaroslav I begins ruleYaroslav I's rule endsNorthern Russian princes took advantage of Kiev's weakness and sacked the cityNorthern Russian princes took advantage of Kiev's weakness and sacked the city againKiev was invaded by the MongolsNovgorod begins to growNovgorod becomes independent from Kievan RusMuhammad is bornMuhammad diesMuhammad and his followers flee to MedinaShiite and Sunni splitAli, the fourth caliph, takes powerAli is assassinatedIslam is brought to PersiaThe polymath, Avicenna, is bornAvicenna diesPersian poet, theologian, and jurist, Rumi, is bornRumi diesIslamic military is turned back when it loses the Battle of Tours against Frankish forcesMuslim forces defeat Byzantine armies across North Africa and successfully invade Spain from the southBantu reach Lake Victoria and the other Greakt Lakes of East AfricaBantu have iron-making technologyBantu people reach South AfricaAgriculture emerges through most of Sub-Saharan AfricaCamels begin to appear in North AfricaThe trans-Sahara trade becomes famouse throughout Europe and AsiaBantu-speaking peoples bring agriculture to the regionGhana beginsThe Empire of Mali beginsMali collapsesGhana collapsesBooks are now created and sold in TimbuktuEmpire of Mali peaksMansa Musa begins his pilgrimage to MeccaThe Songhay Kingdom takes Mali's place as the powerhouse in West AfricaKingdom of Zimbabwe is foundedKingdom of Zimbabwe is dissolvedSlaves from the East Coast of Africa mounted a series of revoltsSlaves still staging revoltsPoet Li Bo is bornPoet Li Bo diesThe Grand Canal is builtConstruction of the Great Wall beginsConstruction of the Great Wall is finishedChinese Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, left China to go on a pilgrimage to EuropeXuanzang reaches IndiaXuanzang returns to ChinaHsuan Tsung takes powerHsuan Tsung's rule endsAn Lushan, a military leader orchestrate a rebellion and overthrow the EmperorTang dynasty endsSong Dynasty beginsSong Dynasty ends; Mongol Empire vanquished the government and established the Yuan DynastyJin dynasty beginsJin dynasty endsThe Song Empire is forced to move its capital to HangzhouFirst signs of gunpowderPaper is inventedFoot binding is officially outlawedFoot binding beginGutenberg invents the printing pressZen Buddhism is brought to ChinaNeo-Confucianism beings evolvingJapan's Prince Shotoku Taishi is bornPrince Shotoku Taishi diesShotoku's successor enacted the Taika ReformsThe Fujiwara clan takes control of the government; they move the capital city to NaraCurrent emperor moves capital back to Heian where he had more supportA small Vietnamese army defeats a Chinese force nearly three times largerReconquista in SpainTreaty of TordesillasVasco da Gama begins his voyage to IndiaMichelangelo works on the DavidCopernicus writes about heliocentrismBeginning of the Protestant ReformationDefeat of the Spanish ArmadaLouis XIV takes the throne in FranceLouis XIV's reign endsПериоды
Period 1 (Foundations)Paleolithic Period (Stone Age)Neolithic RevolutionDomestication of dogs in EuropeDomestication of cattle, barley, and wheat in Middle EastDomestication of rice and pigs in AsiaDomestication of sheep, pigs, goats, and cattle in EuropeDomestication of goats and sheep in Middle EastDomestication of cattle in AfricaDomestication of millet and cattle in AsiaDomestication of maize and squash in AmericasDomestication of wheat in EuropeDomestication of sorghum in AfricaDomestication of beans in AmericasDomestication of rice in AfricaBronze AgePeriod 2 (Classical Period)Period 3 (Post-Classical Period)Period 4 (Early Modern Period)Period 5 (Modern Period)Period 6 (Contemporary)The Old KingdomThe Middle KingdomThe New KingdomVedic AgeChina's first Golden Age"Dark Age" in the Mediterranean"Golden Age" in Athens b/c of PericlesHellenistic AgePunic WarsFour wars in which Rome defeated MacedoniaPax RomanaSecond Temple PeriodIndia's Golden AgeWarring States periodIron AgeYellow Turban RebellionMayan Classical Period (also their peak)Bantu MigrationHan dynasty temporarily loses powerBlack DeathJapan's Heian periodMedieval JapanRevolt led by Basil the Copper HandRevolt led by IvayloIslamic Golden AgeScientific RevolutionEnlightenmentSpanish conquest of MexicoSpanish conquest of PeruCouncil of Trent
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