BeiBei ZHAO
Category: Иное
Обновлено: 2 окт 2017
Japanese History
Авторы
Created byBEIBEI ZHAO
Attachments
События
267
History of kingdom of WEI
Queen Himiko and the kingdom of Yamatai
3rd century (around 201-300), late Yayoi, early kofun -- great mound, probably 100 paces in diameter
Society of small “kingdoms” in constant warfare
United under Queen Himiko
Location of Yamatai is still unknowOrigins?
The late and sudden spread of rice growing and iron making?
followed by new economic, military and religious change during the Yayoi period
horseriders?
Myth: ethnically homogenous and unique Japanese
Reality: multicultural Japan.1199 Yoritomo dies
rise to power of Hojo Masako(1157 -- 1225) wife of Yoritomo
The rise of Hojo regents
1203 -- Hojo Tokimasa (Yorimoto's childhood guardian)assumes post of regents to Yorimoto's son Yoriie
Kyoto and Kamakura have cordial relations
1219 Murder of Minamoto no Sanetomo
1221 Emperor Go-toba revolts. Declares Hojo regent, "an oulaw"
1232 Joei code "The spirit of samurai aministration"Three great warriors:
Kusunoki Masashige (1294 - 1336) -close to G0 - Daigo
Nitta Yoshisada ( 1331 - 38)
Ashikaga Takauji ( chief general of Hojo in 1333)Late 6th century
The beginnings of Asuka Enlightenment
a. Turmoil on the continent
b. amoung Uji: split between pro and ant Buddhist factions(550s ~)
c. Rise of Soga (Soga no Umako)
d. 592 - accession of Queen Suiko (554-628)604
17 Article Constitution607
Horyuji (Temple)645 Coup d'Etat
violent overthrow, big changes
assassination of the leading members in soga family
( Led by members of a rival Uji to the Soga)
Nakatomi no Kamatari and Prince Tenchi
Nakatomi no Kamatari == later FujiwaraFujiwara
Nakatomi no kamatari (the highest point of Fujiwara family) and the group of 645
intermarriage with imperial family as key to power
regents
Sugawara no Michizane(845-903 -- opposes Fujiwara
tremendous wealth and ostentatious mansions
How so wealth? shoenShoen or "estate system"
shoen == private landholdings essentially outside of government control
grow by process of commendation1156 Hogen DIsturbance
The rise of Taira clan (Taira no Kiyomori 1118-81)
Create a foundation of Samurai government1159 Heiji Incident
War Tales: The Tale of Heike( c.1380)
Minamoto clan : 源氏因不满自己在Hogen中立了大功却比Taira得到的奖励少，于是起兵囚禁天皇并杀死天皇亲信，在外的Taira no Kiyomori立刻赶回并打败源氏
Taira clan 因此正式确认专政的地位Renewal and revitalization efforts after Genpei War
Rebuilding of Todaiji ( 1180 great Buddha hall burnt to the ground)
1100s -- 1400s contact resumes with ChinaMinamoto no Yoritomo: The First Shogun
1192: いい国
Dual Government
Court shares the authority of Emperor
意味着后平安时代（皇权即使减弱但依旧至上的时代）结束
Kamakura capital
Rewarding loyalty with lands: Yorimoto gives visibility to new bushi
Founds power on Shoen or Housemen
Yorimoto as muse500 B.C.E. kara
monsoon winds -- ample rain -- wet rice farming
(probably because of emigrants from the continent)
more efficient use of environmentFirst embassy 600Emperor Tenchi 626-672 CE
Tenmu become emperor 631-686 CE (Tenmu is Tenchi’s younger brother)Public lands
1. peasantry and land belongs to emperor (as opposed to uji control of lands
2. naionally controlled rice fields under emperor dominated policymid-Heian
mid -10th century
Fujiwara political an economic ascendanceDisorder during Hojo regency
Mongol Invasions (1274 and 1281)
builded a wall at Hakata, Kyushu
Kamikaze
Akuto in countryside
The loyalty of warriors toward shogun decrease
1293 Earthquake: 2000 people dies
Early 1300s: Hojo Sadatoki as despot
Dies at 1311
9-year old Takatoki becomes regent
Like ritual dancing dog-fighting
All of them lead to a restoration of Imperial Authority and the end of The Kamakura BakufuПериоды
Earliest Time: 11,000 - 300 BCE
Jomon period
Dietary: Shell Mounds
New Technologies
Pottery -- cord markings 绳文11000-5000 B.C.E
Incipient Jomon5000-2500 B.C.E
Early Jomon2500-1500 B.C.E
Middle Jomon1500 - 300B.C.E
Late and Final300 B.C.E. - 300 C.E.
Yayoi Culture
DIfferences from Jomon: genetically different
Ways of Accessing Yayoi Culture:
The Chinese Dynastic Histories
Pottery( Yayoi as place name in Tokyo where pots of period first found)
Burial Remains: Yoshinogari -- pottery and bronze mirror/coins
Bronze Implements: Remnants of Iron tools and weapons250 - 592 C.E.
The Tomb Period (a.k.a Kofun Period)
The Yamato Kingdom
Three subdivisions250- 400 C.E
Yamato kingdom flourishes
sacral and secular functions
(claims authority in both secular and religious context)
Ise Shrine
Ruler’s authority roots in Shinto myth400- 500 C.E.
*Yamato expansion
Yamato kings manifest power overseas in military campaigns
build ever greater tombs
improve agricultural technology and irrigation system500 C.E.
Yamato Disruption
(preparsatory period for Asuka enlightment)
Preoccupation with improved administrative techniques: reading, writing, bookkeeping, and registration of households592 - 710
Asuka periodPrince Shotoku(574 -- 622)
600 Fisr embassy sent to Sui Court (Xi'an)
-- Subsequent missions to Tang capital
study abroad trips (recurring)
Adoption of Chinese style calendar645 - 680s
Taika reforms
New Administrative Arrangements:
702 Taiho Code
Major innovations
redefinition of political systems
Department of State(dajokan)
Department of Worship (jingikan)
new administrative division and Political boundaries
66 provinces(divided into 592 districts)Naniwa 646 - 686Fujiwara 694 - 710Nara 710 - 784Nahaoka-kyo 784 - 794Heian-kyo 794 -- 1868
"Capital of peace and tranquility"794 -- 1185
Courter rulership in Heian Age
(Classic Age of Japanese Aristovracy)710 -- 794
Nara Period
Heijo-kyo (平京城)
Pestillence (small-pox 753 -737)
Natural disastersMoving capitals
784-94, 794 - 1185
Kanmu tenno (781 - 806)
Only have 2 temples (抑制寺庙对人的影响)Early Heian
Period of imperial assertion and vigorous imperial rule
Taiko reforms(645) and "Public lands"Late 9th century - 967
Emperors manage to retain power despite encroaching power of Fujiwara and growth of Shoen967 -- 1068
Fujiwara regency politics
(northern branch of Fujiwara establishes permanent regency)1068 -- 1185
Insei
rule by cloistered emperor
Late Heian period:
Multiple center: because of the shoen system
Aristocrats and imperial family in Heian-kyo
Military: in elsewhere, such as their own shoen
Emperor rely on support from ranking nobles to reign
Women become highest- ranking consorts of imperial family
Male clan heads become “regents”Japan's Middle Ages == Late 12th century through 16th century
*The rise of Warrior Class and Warrior Ruleship
Hybrid political world
Genpei Wars1180 - 1185
Genpei war
1180 revolt against Taira -- Minamoto no Yoritomo 因为Heiji Incident的失败，整个Minamoto家族被流放，他因此认识了他的妻子
1185 Battle of Dannoura: Taira armies vanquished
An ecological explanation of Genpei war
Dry of Taira’s land (scholar knows this fact by observing the trees’ rings) lead to the support and pay to warriors decrease.1185/1192 -- 1333
Kamakura period
1185 -- kamukura regime
1192 -- court names Yoritomo "barbarian-subduing Generalissimo" or shogunGo-Daigo 1288-1339
1318 Enters monastery as retired emperor
Reflects: What's the purpose of an emperor
1321 Go-Daigo assumes active role as emperor
1331 plots restoration, foiled and is banished to Oki
1333 Escapes from Oki land
1333 Destruction of Kamukura bankufu
1334 Go-Daigo proclaims Kenmu restoration (of imperial power)
1336 Ashikaga Takauji turns against Go-Daigo and places someone else on throneThe Northern (Kyoto) and Southern Courts (Go-Daigo)
1336 -1392Ashikaga Takauji and Muromachi shogunate
1338 - 1573
Legitimacy of Ashikaga rule: claimed to be successors of Minamoto
About 130 years of relative peace and stability1338-1467
A new kind of warrior rule under the Ashikaga Shogunate -- A decentralized order
a. week control of land in provinces
b. social disorder
c. by early 1400s, no much central power, Power divided among local families which enjoy relative independence1392 - ca. 1490
Expansion of Trade and Commerce during Muromachi
Towns below the castle -- Jokamachi
Sakai and Hakata: Commercial centers on the Inland Sea
Wako " Japanese Pirates" -- expansion of piracy after 1350sPeriod of Warring States
Onin War (1467 - 1477)
Bigger castlesHigashiyama Period
1483 -- 1490
High Point of Medieval Japanese CultureNascent State Formation
(300-400)
1. Hegemonic political structure
2. Rule over dispersed subjects (tax, tribute)
3. Military power
4. An elite class supported by agricultural surplus
5. High population concentration in settled areas
6. Craft and technical specialist group
7. Diplomatic contact with rulers in Korea and China
Comments