Периоды
The community based era
Reason: The possibility
of behavioral change to inspire
a movement away from institutionalized
corrections.
Example: Massachusetts drew
national attention when it closed
all its reform schools and replaced
them with group homes.The warehousing era
Reason: protecting society
and led to a rapid decline
of decarceration initiative.
Example: 70% of young adults
paroled from prison in 22 states
during 1978 were rearrested
for serious crimes within 6 years
of their release.Just deserts era
Reason: Overcrowding due to public and official
frustration with rehabilitative efforts.
Examples: Virginia abolished parole in 1995, increased sentences for certain violent
crimes and announced they would build a dozen more prisons.The evidence based era
Reason: Need to employ cost-effective solutions to correctional issues.
Example: Science based approach through things such as research and data.The industrial era
Reason: Concerns over security and discipline.
Examples: In 1929, union influence led congress to pass the
Hawes Cooper act which required prison made goods to
conform to the regulations of the states through which they were
shipped.The punitive era
Reason: Prisoners owed a debt to society that only a rigorous period of confinement could pay.
Example: Federal penitentiary on Alcatraz island.The treatment era
Reason: New interest in reformation and corrections combined with new
Behavioral techniques.
Examples: therepuetic models and individual treatement.The mass prison era
Reason: prison populations
were growing but solitary
confinement became expensive
Examples: Reintroduced corporal punishment
into the handling of offenders.The reformatory era
Reason: Tension between Auburn and Pennsylvania system.
Example: Maconochie developed a system of marks
through which prisons could earn enough
credits to buy their freedom.The penitentiary era
Reason: Opportunity for penace and saw prisons
as places wherein offenders might make amends with society.
Example: Eastern and western penitentiary opened with
Solitary confinement.
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