События
Jumandi leads an uprising against Spanish colonists in the Ecuadorian AmazonA revolt against a census spreads throughout the
northern Audiencia of QuitoIndigenous rebellion against a public works mita labor draft at LitaIndigenous uprising at Guamote, Chimborazo, against diezmosAntonio José de Sucre defeats Spanish forces at
the battle of Pichincha, leading to Ecuador’s
independence as part of the country of Gran
ColombiaEcuador separates from Gran Colombia 1852
Ecuador eliminates slaveryEcuador eliminates forced tribute paymentsFernando Daquilema leads a revolt in the central
highland province of ChimborazoAlejo Saez leads an uprising against the payment
of diezmos in his home community of Licto,
ChimborazoFoundation of the Sociedad Artística e Industrial
de Pichincha (Artistic and Industrial Society of
Pichincha), which subsequently provides logical
support to Indigenous movementsEloy Alfaro leads the Liberal Revolution to victoryEloy Alfaro stops in Guamote, Chimborazo,
where he elevates Alejo Saez to the grade of
general in his liberal armyThe army massacres fourteen Indigenous
workers at Tisa-leo, TungurahuaThe military and police allegedly massacre
hundreds of Indigenous workers at Colta,
ChimborazoRicardo Paredes gains control of the PSE at a
meeting of the Central Committee and brings it
closer in line with the Communist InternationalPromulgation of Ecuador’s thirteenth
constitution grants the right to vote to women
and provides for functional representation for
Indigenous peoplesTen workers petitioning for an end to abuses
and for lower work demands are massacred on
the Tigua hacienda 1930 Formation of El Inca,
Tierra Libre, and Pan y Tierra peasant syndicates
at the Pesillo, Moyurco, and La Chimba
haciendas in CayambeThe Socialist Party creates Socorro Obrero y
Campesino (Worker and Peasant Help) to defend
Indigenous and peasant strugglesMilitary repression prevents the Primer
Congreso de Organizaciones Campesinos (First
Congress of Peasant Organizations) from taking
place in Juan Montalvo, CayambeSocialists reestablish the PSEJorge Icaza publishes Huasipungo, Ecuador’s most famous indigenista novelVelasco Ibarra takes office for the first of five timesIndigenous uprisings on the Licto, Galte, and Pull
haciendas in Chimborazo for better salaries and
an end to abusesFounding of the Comité Central de Defensa
Indígena (Indigenous Defense Committee)Páez suppresses the Communist Party as a legal
organization after accusing it of participating in
a coup against his government August 6, 1937
Promulgation of the Ley de Comunas (Law of
Communities)Promulgation of the Código del Trabajo (Labor
Code)Formation of the Confederación Ecuatoriana de
Obreros Católicos (CEDOC, Ecuadorian
Confederation of Catholic Workers)Border war with Peru leads to the loss of half of
Ecuador’s territorySigning of Río de Janeiro ProtocolUrban intellectuals establish the Instituto
Indigenista Ecuatoriano (IIE, Ecuadorian
Indigenist Institute) in QuitoVictory of the Glorious May Revolution; Velasco
Ibarra takes power for the second timeMinistry of Labor and Social Welfare creates the
Departmento de Asuntos Indígenas (Department
of Indian Affairs) and Junta de Cuestiones
Indígenas (Council of Indian Matters) in order to
supervise compliance with laws and prevent
abuse in regard to land, water, and other issuesPromulgation of Ecuador’s fourteenth constitutionIndigenous leaders found bilingual schools at
Yanahuaico, San Pablourco, Pesillo, and La
Chimba in CayambePromulgation of Ecuador’s fifteenth constitutionEstablishment of the Junta de Cuestiones
Indígenas y Campesinas (Council of Indian and
Rural Affairs)The FEI organizes a Conferencia de Dirigentes
Indígenas (Conference of Indigenous Leaders) at
Quito’s Central UniversityUprisings in Cayambe end payment of diezmos and
primiciasHacendado Galo Plaza Lasso inaugurated president,
introducing the beginning of a twelve-year period of
stability and economic growthThe FEI defends workers on Razuyacu haciendaFourth FEI congress is held in QuitoVelasco Ibarra becomes president for the third
of five terms in office, the only one he manages
to completeAn eight-month strike at Galte hacienda in
Chimborazo ends with gains for Indigenous
workersMassacre at La Merced hacienda in PintagPolice attack workers at Pitaná on the Guachalá
hacienda, killing four people and injuring othersFormation of the Federación de Trabajadores
Agrícolas del Litoral (FTAL, Federation of Coastal
Agricultural Workers)First agrarian census (1954)The conservative Camilo Ponce Enríquez becomes presidentTriumph of the Cuban Revolution (1959)Indians march on Quito and hold a ninety-day
strike at PesilloUprising at MilagroVelasco Ibarra takes power as president for the fourth timeUprising on the Carrera hacienda in CayambeUprising on the Columbe hacienda in ChimborazoFall of Velasco Ibarra; Vice-President Carlos Julio
Arosemena Monroy takes powerTwelve thousand Indigenous people from the fei
march on Quito for agrarian reformWorkers take over the United Fruit Company’s
Tenguel hacienda on Ecuador’s southern coastProtests are held in Cotopaxi, Tungurahua,
Chimborazo, and Azuay against the agricultural
census; Indigenous workers strike at Pesillo for
higher wages and for land for landless workersSalasaca Indians in Tungurahua demanding
access to water are massacredMilitary coup overthrows the civilian government
of Carlos Julio Arosemena MonroyAGRARIAN REFORM - Military government promulgates agrarian reform lawApproximately 150 Indigenous workers revolt on
El Chaupi hacienda, CayambeThe Ministry of Social Welfare approves the
statutes that formally establish the Federación
de Centros Shuar (Shuar Federation)CEDOC founds the Federación Ecuatoriana de
Trabajadores Agropecuarios (FETEP, Ecuadorian
Federation of Agricultural Workers), which then
becomes FENOC in 1968Military turns government back over to civilian controlIndigenous workers take over the Pisambilla,
Muyurco, El Chaupi, San Pablourco, and Pesillo
haciendasPromulgation of Ecuador’s sixteenth constitutionStrike begins at Pull hacienda in Chimborzo and
spreads to neighboring haciendas, paralyzing
production in the cantonLand occupation at the Santa Ana hacienda in
Canton Calvas in Loja leads to a massacre of
eight arrimados and injury of twenty-two moreEighth PCE congress is held in GuayaquilVelasco Ibarra assumes presidency for the fifth
and final timeFormation of the Federación Provincial de
Organizaciones Campesinas de Napo (FEPOCAN,
Provincial Federation of Peasant Organizations
of Napo), which in 1973 changes its name to the
Federación de Organizaciones Indígenas del
Napo (FOIN, Federation of Indigenous Organizations of Napo)Military coup led by Guillermo Rodríguez Lara
removes Velasco Ibarra from office for the fifth
and final timeActivists organize Ecuarunari (Ecuador
Runacunapac Riccharimui, a Kichwa phrase that
means ‘‘awakening of the Ecuadorian Indians’’)Fifth congress of the FEI is held in QuitoThe FEI, FENOC, and Ecuarunari together with
coastal groups organize the Frente Unido de
Reforma Agraria (FURA, United Front for
Agrarian Reform) (1972)Landlords kill Cristóbal Pajuña in Tungurahua,
giving Ecuarunari its first martyrAGRARIAN REFORM - Government implements the second agrarian reform lawPolice kill the Ecuarunari leader Lázaro Condo in ChimborazoMilitary triumvirate replaces Rodríguez Lara in powerMassacre of hundreds of striking workers at Aztra sugar millPolice torture and kill Rafael Perugachi, a local
Indigenous leader in CotacachiThe FEI, FENOC, and Ecuarunari meet in
Columbe, Chim borazo, to form the Frente Unico
de Lucha Campesina (FULC, United Front for
Peasant Struggle)Kichwa, Achuar, Shuar, and Zápara peoples form
the Organización de Pueblos Indígenas de
Pastaza (OPIP, Organization of Indigenous
Peoples of Pastaza) (1978)Promulgation of seventeenth constitution gives
illiterates the right to vote, thus extending
citizenship rights to many Indigenous peoples
for the first timeElection of Jaime Roldós Aguilera as president
transfers control of the government from
military to civilian controlSixth FEI congress is held in Quito (1980)Ecuarunari, FENOC, and FEI organize the National Peas ant Indigenous March
‘‘Martyrs of Aztra’’ in QuitoPublication of Centuries of Childhood by Philippe Ariés (1960)The Communist Manifesto
published by Marx and Engels (1848)Ford Motor Company
Assembly line (1914)Battle of Ayacucho (SA Independence - 1826)"World Revolution" of 1848
1. First true "social revolution" of modern era - short lived urban workers
movement in France that resonated elsewhere
2. Series of revolutions ("Springtime of the nations") - nationalist uprisingsUniversal Male Suffrage re-established in France
In wake of French Rev. of 1848Sharp Decline in Mortality Worldwide
(1860s/70s)Golpe de estado marked beginning of Gabriel
García Moreno's second term
- Increased repression
- reestablishment of Church power
- Investment in economic and social programs in order to drive national developmentConservative rewriting of constitution
- expanding powers of president
- modification of citizenship requirements to only extend to Catholic men
- Expansion of military power empowering García Moreno to push for a more unified country
with a modern infrastructure in the place of the regionalism that had existed previously,
reducing the power of the business elites in Guayaquil that had controlled government previouslyGarcía Moreno assassinatedIgnacio de Veintemilla dictatorship beginsLiberal Revolution of 1895
- Commercial elites of coast take power and
impose new social and economic programs
- Sought to address treatment of indigenous youth to treat perceived issues associated w/ priority1888 - Karl Benz begins commercial production of automobiles began creating the rush
There were laws agains slavery, but no way to enforce… so people were being taken and enslaved to work to cultivate rubber
Guns came in with the rubber boom (1880s)... those working with rubber bosses (mestizo)
were given guns… capture members of other groups for labor purposes. (some would also take heads and “shrink” them)
Also people fled from correrias or were taken by Caucheros and moved them far away1910 - Price of rubber crashes when East Indian plantations go into production
Did not have the environment for fungi or other
things that could spread and kill the trees, so India could have actual rubber plantations.Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN) (1948)General Assembly of the UN approves
resolution to urge States to institute a
Universal Day of the Child (1954)Declaration of the Rights of the Child (UN) (1959)In 1900, Ecuador's four most important exports (by
percentage of total value exported) were cocoa (70.7 percent),
tagua, or vegetable ivory (10.4 percent), rubber (7.0 percent), and coffee (5.4 percent).(1868) Earthquake in Imbabura killing more than 10k people)(Post 1960s)
The entry of **British textiles**, especially of cotton goods, into Ecuador further undermined the
local textile economy in the nineteenth century. Whereas poor transportation and
communications between regions had provided natural protection for locally produced goods
early in the century, this protection began to decrease as communications were improved
after the 1860s. The result would be a crisis in artisanpeasant production in the northcentral
highlands.The mita was abolished in 1812Concertaje became illegal in 1918 but persisted for at least another ten years.
The debts of parents were inherited by their children; although this was outlawed from time to time,
for example in 1833, the practice continued into the twentieth century (Oberem 1981: 315)Approximate Actual end of concertajeAs the nineteenth century ended, patterns emerged in the Otavalo region:
- Otavalos as a distinct group;
- wasipungu & other forms of exploitative farming relations;
- production spinning & weaving, usually in the context of forced labor or debt servitude;
- the export of Otavalo textiles throughout the northern Andes;
- increased workload for women & ruptures in traditional land inheritance patterns;
- conflation of class with social and legal constructions of race;
- the simultaneous depiction of OIntroduction of casimir production in northern highlands (rather than twill)
- sometime around this time.
Otavalo production served white-mestizo market in the absence of British market
(absent due to the onset of WWII)By 1940s, Otavalos selling meat or cloth in Tulcán had begun to cross the border
into Colombia to sell textiles. Still, travel was not common in that era.In the 1970s illiterate indigenous women in
Ecuador received the right to voteCódigo de MenoresThe 1924 Geneva Declaration stated that humanity “owes to the Child the best that it has to give.”
The fundamental needs of children were summarised in five points. The document discussed the
well-being of children and recognised their right to development, assistance, relief and protection.El Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia se organizó en 1927
(Montevideo, Uruguay)Código del Niño (Uruguay)Signing of peace accord with Peru (1998)Периоды
Indigenous workers strike on the Pesillo and
Moyurco haciendas in CayambeNeptalí Bonifaz Ascásubi, owner of the Guachalá
hacienda, wins the presidential electionAt its second congress, the PSE formally changes
its name to the Partido Comunista Ecuatoriano
(PCE, Ecuadorian Communist Party)Bonifaz is prevented from assuming the
presidency of Ecuador in a four-day war called
the Guerra de los Cuatro DíasJosé María Velasco Ibarra is elected president for
the first of five times; Ricardo Paredes runs
unsuccessfully as a candidate for the PCESeventh congress of the Communist InternationalConferencia de Cabecillas Indígenas (Conference
of Indigenous Leaders) is held in QuitoConferencia Nacional del Partido Comunista
Ecuatoriana (First National Conference of the
Ecuadorian Communist Party) is held in MilagroLabor leaders found the Confederación de
Trabajadores del Ecuador (CTE, Confederation of
Ecuadorian Workers) in QuitoIndigenous leaders found the Federación
Ecuatoriana de Indios (fei, Ecuadorian Federation
of Indians) in QuitoSecond FEI congress is held in QuitoThird PCE congress is held in QuitoThird FEI congress is held in QuitoFourth PCE congress is held in GuayaquilExtraordinary FEI congress discusses responses
to Ecuador’s first national censusFifth PCE congress is held in AmbatoConference of Campesinos from Pichincha,
Imbabura, and Cotopaxi is held in QuitoSixth PCE congress is held in QuitoThe CTE organizes the Primera Conferencia
Nacional Campesina (First National Peasant
Conference) in QuitoThe Local Association of Jívaro Centers is
organized in the southern Amazon with the
assistance of Salesian missionariesThird FEI congress is held in QuitoSeventh PCE congress is held in GuayaquilThe FEI holds its fourth congress in QuitoCatholics found the Federación Nacional de
Organizaciones Campesinos (FENOC, National
Federation of Peasant Organizations)FURA organizes the I Encuentro Nacional
Campesino por la Reforma Agraria (First Peasant
Encounter for Agrarian Reform) in QuitoNinth PCE congress is held in GuayaquilThe Confederación de Nacionalidades
Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana
(CONFENIAE, Confederation of Indigenous
National ities of the Ecuadorian Amazon) is
formed at the First Regional Conference of
Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian
Amazon in PuyoMeeting of CONFENIAE and Ecuarunari in Sucúa at the First Encounter of the Indigenous
Nationalities of Ecuador forms the Consejo Nacional de Coordinación de las
Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONACNIE, National Coordinating Council of
Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador)Vicente Rocafuerte leader of Ecuador
- Defines presidency in opposition to José Flores anti-aristocratic republicanism
- Oversees establishment of new constitution
- Age of citizenship dropped to 18 from 22
- Introduced public education for girls
- "Enlightenment liberal reform" - limit power of congress and church.American Civil WarSoviet UnionWWII
(1939-1945)Porfirio Diaz
Liberal project: cientificos & nationalism
Massive tech investmentWWI (1914-1918)Gabriel García Moreno elected president (1860-1875)
Essentially liberal project...
- prioritized edu
- neoliberal export econ did not quite devastate aspirations of the country's youth
- Despite conservativism, econ policy was sympathetic to liberal theory and prioritized investing in exports as well was infrastructure
- Investment in youth as part of national project to build edu (and moral) workforce, including girls' edu (as wives and mothers)
- INDIAN SCHOOLS (+ fines forcing school-aged children to woIndustrial Revolution (1760-1840)Dolores Cacuango active as an activist(1830-70) - Highlands underwent processes of dearticulation, deurbanization, and depopulation following independence.Public Welfare and Child Circulation, Mexico City, 1877 to 1925 - Ann Blum
Comments