History of Architecture
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Обновлено: 19 янв 2018
My Inevitable Death
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Excavated Mammoth Bone Hut (Vernicular) - Mezhirich, UkraineJericho (Modern-day Palestine) Founded - Natufian Hunter-GatherersAgriculture + Farming IntroducedÇatalhöyük (Anatolia, Turkey) Founded - Up to 3,000 peopleUruk (Modern-day Iraq) Founded - West Anu + East Ianna, at least 50,000 people
'The Epic of Gilgamesh' - First Literary WorkThe Achaemenid Empire Founded by Cyrus the GreatGreek Empire Controlled the Aegean Sea coast; Greco-Persian WarsThe Re-building of Acropolis, Athens
All temples (except the Erechteion) are strictly symmetrical, but site not forced into a rectangle
Based on 'Fake Symmetry'/'Asymmetrical Balance'The Macedon Empire - Alexander the Great's HellinisationAl Khazneh, Petra, Jordan (c1, Hellinisation)Buddhist Temple, Sanchi, MadhyaPradesh, India (c5, Hellinisation)Roman Empire at its Largest under Emperor TrajanPont du Gard, France (Aqueduct) - Romans needed infrastructreThe Pantheon, Rome, Rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian as his audience room with an opening in the hidden rotunda and dome
Largest column-free space in a buildingThe Arch of Titus by Domition to honour his brother (Triumphal Arch)
White marble from Mt. Pentelicus like in the Parthenon
Celebrating an attack on Jewish identityHadrian's Wall, near Newcastle
Aimed to pacify and fortify, not expandHadrian's Death + Burial in his Mausoleum, RomeThe Byzantine Empire (previously Eastern Rome before c5) at its largest under Justinian the GreatOttoman Empire conquers Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire, turning the Hagia Sophia into a major Mosque modelMausoleum of Theodoric,Ravenna, Italy
Entire roof made of single 10m d, 300T stone from Istria (across the Adreatic Sea)Theodoric rules over Italy driven by the desire to restore Rome to its former Imperial gloryPalatine Chapel, Aachen, the centerpiece of Charlemagne's palace complex
Highly complex geometrical shapes eg. Octagonal dome, but miniscule overallDurham Cathedral (Gothic/Romanesque) Britain's best Romanesque Church, straight after the Norman conquest
The nave has characteristic alteration of columns and piers; revived interest in Architectural effect with slight reminders of Rome eg. columns with basic capitalsPope Urban II calls for the first Crusade and Barbarian invasion of the Islamic world,installing a European, Christian King in Jerusalem
Invaders brought back Architectural inspiration; model for Cathedrals from Islamic pointed archesOne-point linear perspective Art introduced by Filippo Brunelleschi in Renaissance ArtBasilica of Sant' Andrea, Mantova
Rigorously proportioned + balance between exterior and interior; opposite to Gothic shock-effectTempietto (Donato Bramante, Florence)
Fullest expression of ideas of order and proportion here
Completely adjusted to human proportions, like the Pazzi ChapelSt Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Pope Julius II, based on initial plan by BramantePalazzio Valmarana, Vimcenza, by Andrea Palladio
'Giant Order' superimposed on Corinthian order; centralised facade composition
Mannerist complexity; giant order gives depth and structureVilla Rotunda, Vinceza, by Andrea Palladio
The front is similar to that of a High Renaissance building; ordered and simple,
but it has 4 identical main fronts as a play on perspective and a solution for the ideal of symmetryFontana di Trevi (Baroque) by Nicola Salvi
Nature depicted 'coming alive' eg. St PetersThe Society of Dilattanti Founded - interest in antiquety and classical Architecture
encouraged visits to Rome + the first people to draw what they saw realistically
eg. The Pantheon, London by James Wyatt: asymmetrical placing of 2 symmetrical parts;
making use of the irregular site + 'occulus' as a reminder of the original Pantheon in Rome
Its main interior insporation was the Hagia SophiaNapoleon's French Empire - French culture spread with wars;
by early c19, Neoclassiciam dominated Architecture
in Europe and beyond eg. Capitol, Wasington DC
Neoclassicism based on tedious formulae; creative Architects
sought more; Gothic-Revival in England + France eg.
Saint Chapelle, Paris, restored by Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-DucEgs. of Historicism/Eclecism (mid c19):
(German) Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed Neoclassical eg. Neue Wache,
but also Gothic-Revival eg. Werdersche Kirche, Berlin
(Bavarian) Leo von Klenze designed Neoclassical eg. Walhalla, Munich,
but also Neo-Renaissance eg. Alte Pinakotek
(German) Gottfried Semper designed Neo-Renaissance eg. ETH, Zurich,
but also Neo-Baroque eg. Semperoper, DresdenYurts (Vernicular): Foldable, lightweight structures covered in sheep-wool,
felt fabric and animal skins, used by Mongolian nomadsDogon - Civilization living in a remote region of West Africa for 100s of years
into c21 largely un-modernised,
Farmers growing enough food to support themselves,
produce no sufficient surplus for trade relations
Region bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment (high cliff), living in small houses
clustered in villages with Family homes: windowless houses with flat roofs,
curved kitchen, often double-story, and Granary towers, seemingly more important
(fear of starvation stronger)...Except: eg. The house of the Hogon, the elected spiritual leader of the village;
larger, more complex + decorated entrance
Meeting area with low roof to prevent physical fightsПериоды
(Early c15) Vitruvius's 'De Architectura' rediscovered;
Firmitas, Utilitas, VenustasClassical Architecture - Late c20/Early c21:
(Dome) Reichstag, Berlin, Norman Foster
(Arch) Grande Arche de la Defense, Paris, Johann Otto von Spreckelsen
(Pillars) LiMo, Marback, David ChipperfieldThe Building of Persepolis, near modern-day Shiraz, Iran by Acheamnid Emperors
Consistent Regularity, but no overall compositional principleThe Building of the Parthenon, AthensThe Colesseum (The Flavian Ampitheatre), Rome, by the Flavic Dynasty Emperors Vespacian, Titus, and Domician
Greek-derived decorative weight non-bearing columns (so slimmer + taller) as well as structural archesRoman Empire invaded by Germanic tribes, dismantling the Western part, and eventually marking the end of the Classical Age
The Eastern part, then becoming the Byzantine Empire, persisted throughout the Middle AgesHadrian's Pantheon's bronze ceiling panels melted by the Pope for his Castel Sant' Angelo cannonsHagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Istanbul) as a Church under JustinianRapid Spread of Islam under the Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Mosque, Damascus after taking it from the Byzantine Empire and making it their capitalSultan Ahmed Mosque 'Blue Mosque' under Ottoman rule
Almost square; less could be closer to the Qibla wall; less functional than, say, the Umayyad MosqueCharlemagne was the first since the Romans to unite much of western Europe
Defender of Christianity; named himself the 'Holy Roman Emperor'Escomb Church, County Durham
The British Isles were cut-off from trade and cultural exchange; no desire for monumental Architecture, only small-scale possessions eg. the Lindisfarne Gospel at the same timeBasilica of Saint-Denis (Nave reconstructed in c13)
High, light-flooded spaces (Abbot Suger) Pointed arches drop their thrust more vertically; reach greater height than rounded arches
Ribbed vaults made it easier to construct vaults (no centring needed)
Clustered columns enable one column to support ribs in different directions with more free space
More control over pointed arch width and heightEarly c13: Sudden competition to rebuild Cathedrals in France
Chartres: Floor-plan resembling the Holy Cross, lateral thrust carried by flying buttresses
allowing for clerestory windows, drawing attention to the sky (and God)
Bourges: No transepts (so rectangular); more unifying interior
Flying buttresses carry the lateral loads + clustered columns and stained glass and sculpturesAmiens: Has transepts, intricate rose window (competing sculptors)
The city was minuscule and the Cathedral titanic; symbolism of God's domination
As much window as possible; load bearing structure reduced to only bare minimum of skeleton, high vaults supported by slender columns
Beauvais: Highest vault, too high as it kept collapsing, remains unfinished with props to hold it up
The Cathedral of Laon: Was to have 7 towers with spires; only 4.5 built with no spires (Gothic = over-ambition)Parler family (originally German) built Gothic Cathedrals in EuropeRomanesqueGothicKrak des Chevaliers, Syria
Built elevated and walled to be unconquerableThornton Abbey Gatehouse, Lincolnshire; symbolic rather than functional (mix of Gothic + military)Decline of power of Papacy and Roman Empire; powerful families try to fill the power gapHumanism by Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio to revive morality from ancient Greek and Roman times
Leon Battista Alberti - the potential of people was limitless; contrary Renaissance idea to Medieval belief that we are at the mercy of a divine powerOspedale degli Innocenti, Florence, by Filippo Brunelleschi has classical reappearances eg. columns, arches, arcades
Carefully proportioned; column height = distance between them = width of bayPalazzo Medici (for rich Medici bankers) by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Florence
Heavily fortified but has classical elements like evenly spaced arches, windows etc
+ Formal differentiation of its 3 stories; Rusticated stone, smooth but clearly outlined,
then ashlar stonework with barely visible outlinesThe High Renaissance - Instigated by Pope Julius II to transform his Papacy into a secular powerPalazzio Te, Mantova, by Guilio Romano
A bold example of Mannerism - when a style becomes too perfect that people start taking calculated liberties
Unlike earlier Renaissance buildings, it is not easily comprehended with its strong, horizontal emphasis of the facade
due to over-prominent entablature 'cutting' through the columns + irregular arcades
The courtyard facade has classical elements but in an odd order
eg. the regular central triangular pediment is squeezed by architrave with larger columnsIngio Jones - the first and most significant follower of Palladin in England, with egs.
such as his Palladin style Banqueting House and Queen's House in LondonBaroque (Main Architect: Borromini)Modern Baroque Architecture:
Ben van Berkel's REMU substation, Holland
Maastricht Fire Station by Neutelings Architects resembling a tireThe Louvre by Claude Perrault, inspired by Rationalism;
typical arrangement of a Renaissance palace
with a prominent centre and 2 lateral pavillions
The formal expression emphasizes the unity of the facade;
no break in landscape or contour (Baroque) but strict in regularityChurch of Sainte Genevieve (Pantheon), Paris, by Jacques - Germain Soufflot
illustrates the basic structural requirements (including its interior)
expressed in Marc - Antoine Laugier's 'Primitive Hut'Neoclassicism - based on mathematical rules and formulae
eg. Place de la Concorde, Paris by Jaque-Ange GabrielDurand's written work (catalogue of calculated plans and elevations)
became the standard training material for Architects in France and abroad
Eg. Palace of Justice (French Neoclassicism), Lyon by Louis - Pierre Baltard
Rondelet and Durand's works reduced Architecture to structure and geometry;
foundation if the first Architectural school: Ecole des Beaus-Arts(Gothic-Revival in England + France): Elsewhere...
Neither Gothic nor Classical seemed appropriate; eg. Heinrich Hubsch (Germany)
promoted 'Rundbogenstil' ('round-arch style'); a revival of Romanesque which was used
in the Middle Ages by German Emperors when controlling much of Europe
This eventually turns into Historicism/Eclectism (where numerous styles are acceptable)Hectic Eclectic eg: Opera deParis by Charles Garnier:
A mixture of different styles rather than picking a favourite;
stylistic confusion and formal excess/'anything-goes' mentality
Garnier incorporated Neo-Baroque into the building's
Classically ordered facade + aBaroque interior serving as a
'stage'; visitors are both actors and audience; hecticThe Anasazi - One of 4 major civilisations in Southwest America
Boundaries between traditions are blurry and often correspond
with topographical features like the Grand Canyon,
their area marked by flat, sometimes wooded but mostly arid
plateaus intersected by deep and steep canyons
Originally lived in 1 of 2 buildings: ...Pit-houses: partly/completely dug
They had little exposure so offered protection
from wind and weather, but were vulnerable;
the access was through a hole in the roof which doubled
as a smoke hole, or:
Jacals: very simple huts of slender timber stilts tied together
and either filled out with mud, clay and grasses, or clad
with rough adobe bricks.Anasazi went through a period of milderweather;
longer-term agriculture; rapid population growth
+2 new building types: cliff dwellings, and ‘great houses’;
reflects the emergence of stable communities
they often occupied natural caves (Alcoves) + attached wooden beams
to make multi-story apartment blocks/made use of overhangs...Kivas (imporant part) were circular underground spaces
used for religious + social gatherings
built a road network radiating from Chaco Canyon for material
transport for their complex (of multi-purpose spaces, mainly not specialised)
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