unit 5 assignment 1
Category: Иное
Обновлено: 9 мар 2020
quantum mechanical theory
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Created byOwyn Roberts
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thomas young
discovers that light
is made up as wavesgustav kirchhoff introduces
the concept of the black body
and then proved that it only relies on heatbecquerel and curie share the Nobel
prize in physics for
instantaneous radioactivityEinstein explains the effects
of Brownian motion as caused
by the kinetic energy (i.e., movement) of atomsEinstein publishes his theory of relativityRutherford designs his gold slit
experiment to discover
the nucleus of an atomHess discovers cosmic radiationJames Franck and Gustav Hertz
report their experiment on
electron collisions with
mercury atoms, which
provides a new test of Bohr's
quantized model of
atomic energy levels.Einstein first presents
what are now known
as the Einstein field
equations.Sir Ernest Rutherford notices that,
when alpha particles
are shot into nitrogen gas,
his scintillation detectors
shows the signatures of
hydrogen nuclei.Arthur Compton finds that X-ray
wavelengths increase due
to scattering of the radiant
energy by free electrons.Werner Heisenberg,
Max Born, and Pascual
Jordan develop
the matrix mechanics
formulation of
Quantum Mechanics.Erwin Schrödinger uses
De Broglie's electron
wave postulate to develop
a "wave equation" that
represents mathematically
the distribution of a
charge of an electron
distributed through space,Dirac hypothesizes
the existence of
the positron.
his text book become
published and is still
used todayFritz London explains
van der Waals
forces as due to
the interacting fluctuating
dipole moments
between moleculesErich Hückel introduces
the Hückel molecular
orbital method, which
expands on orbital theory
to determine the energies
of orbitals of pi electrons
in conjugated
hydrocarbon systems.Irène Joliot-Curie and
Frédéric Joliot show
that if the unknown
radiation generated by
alpha particles falls on
paraffin or any other
hydrogen-containing
compound, it ejects
protons of very high
energy.Einstein, Boris Podolsky,
and Nathan Rosen describe
the EPR paradox which
challenges the completeness
of quantum mechanics as it
was theorized up to that time.Schrödinger developes his
thought experiment that
sub atomic particles can
be in two opposing states
at onceCharles Coulson
makes the first accurate
calculation of a molecular
orbital wavefunction
with the hydrogen molecule.Leó Szilárd and Fermi
discover neutron
multiplication in uranium,
proving that a chain
reaction is indeed possible.the Manhattan Project
produces the first nuclear
fission explosion on
July 16, 1945Willis Lamb and
Robert Retherford measure
a small difference in energy
between the energy levels
2S1/2 and 2P1/2 of the
hydrogen atom, known
as the Lamb shift.Felix Bloch and
Edward Mills Purcell
receive a shared
Nobel Prize in Physics
for their first observations
of the quantum phenomenon
of nuclear magnetic
resonance previously
reported in 1949Clyde L. Cowan and
Frederick Reines
experimentally prove
the existence of the neutrino.Clauss Jönsson performs
Young's double-slit experiment
for the first time with particles
other than photons by using
electrons and with similar
results, confirming that
massive particles also
behaved according to
the wave–particle duality
that is a fundamental
principle of quantum field theory.Eugene P. Wigner
lays the foundation
for the theory of
symmetries in quantum
mechanicsMaria Goeppert Mayer
and J. Hans D. Jensen
share with Eugene P. Wigner
half of the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1963
"for their discoveries
concerning nuclear shell
structure theory"Stanford University:
Deep inelastic scattering
experiments at the
Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center (SLAC)
show that the proton contains
much smaller, point-like
objects and is therefore
not an elementary particle.
Physicists at the time are
reluctant to identify these
objects with quarks, instead
calling them partons —
a term coined by
Richard Feynman.Peter Mansfield formulates
the physical theory
of Nuclear magnetic
resonance imaging (NMRI)Pyotr Kapitsa observes
new phenomena in hot
deuterium plasmas excited
by very high power
microwaves in attempts
to obtain controlled
thermonuclear fusion
reactions in such plasmas
placed in longitudinal
magnetic fields, using
a novel and low-cost
design of thermonuclear
reactor, similar in concept
to that reported by
Theodor V. Ionescu et al.
in 1969. Receives a Nobel prize
for early low temperature
physics experiments
on helium superfluidity
carried out in 1937
at the Cavendish
LabRichard R. Ernst develops
two-dimensional nuclear
magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (2D-FT NMRS)
for small molecules in
solution and is awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1991 "for his contributions
to the development of
the methodology of
high resolution nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy."scientists at European
Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN) publish
experimental results in
which they claim to have
observed indirect evidence
of the existence of a
quark–gluon plasma, which
they call a "new state of matter."Sir Anthony James Leggett
receives the 2003 Nobel
Prize in Physics for pioneering
contributions to the quantum
theory of superconductors,
and superfluids such as Helium-3the RHIC accelerator
of Brookhaven National Laboratory
generates a quark-gluon fluid,
perhaps the quark–gluon plasmaScientists transfer data
by quantum teleportation
over a distance of 10 feet
with zero percent error rate
, a vital step towards a
quantum internet.The existence of Higgs boson
was confirmed by the ATLAS
and CMS collaborations based
on proton-proton collisions in
the LHC at CERN. Peter Higgs
and François Englert were
awarded the 2013 Nobel
Prize in Physics for their
theoretical predictions.Zachary Dutton demonstrates
how photons can co-exist in
superconductors.Периоды
Einstein shows that, if
Planck's law of black-body
radiation is
accepted, the energy quanta must also carry momentum
p = h / λ, making them
full-fledged particles.Sir Nevill Mott and
Philip Warren Anderson
publish quantum theories
for electrons in non-crystalline
solids, such as glasses
and amorphous
semiconductors;
receive in 1977 a Nobel
prize in Physics for their
investigations into the
electronic structure of
magnetic and disordered systems,The largest and most powerful experimental nuclear fusion tokamak reactor in the world, Joint European Torus (JET) begins operation at Culham Facility in UK;Mihai Gavrilă discovers in 1988 the new quantum phenomenon of atomic dichotomy in hydrogen
and subsequently publishes a book on the atomic structure and decay in high-frequency fields of hydrogen
atoms placed in ultra-intense laser fields.
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