Religion and Labor
Category: Иное
Обновлено: 30 апр 2019
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Created bySohum Kulkarni
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1620 - The Pilgrims land at Plymouth, fleeing persecution due to their belief that the Anglican church was too Catholic.1636 - Roger Williams is expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for speaking against forced Puritanism. He later founds Rhode Island, which becomes the first colony to grant freedom of Christian religion.1654 - The first Jews arrive in colonial America.1681 - Pennsylvania is founded when Quaker William Penn receives a charter for a colony with freedom of religion. It becomes a home for persecuted Quakers, among others.1632 - George Calvert obtains a charter for Maryland, a colony for Catholics with established freedom of religion.1649 - The Maryland Toleration Act officially grants freedom of religion to all Trinitarian Christians, becoming the second major act of its kind. It would be repealed in 1694.1632 - Virginia passes a law requiring conformity to the Anglican Church, in a move toward religious control rather than freedom.1760 - Baptist churches begin to gain prominence especially in the South, heralding a new era of religious diversity.1788 - The Constitution expressly makes no reference to religion, choosing to remain nonreligious.1791 - The Bill of Rights contains the First Amendment, which upholds freedom of religion as a part of the Constitution.1830 - The Book of Mormon is published, beginning the Mormon church, which would face persecution in the East before moving West, eventually reaching the Great Basin.1747 - The Shakers are founded, and would later become a dominant force in the Second Great Awakening. They moved away from the stoicness of Quakers.1848 - The Oneida Community is founded. It practices communalism in every form, of both property and person, and advocates complex marriage, or the union of all members of the the community together. It was an exemplar of the Second Great Awakening's utopian movement, but did not last.1873 - The Women's Christian Temperance Union is founded to advocate for a return to Christian ideals and for the extension of Christianity to all. It becomes instrumental in the fight for prohibition.1900 - The Social Gospel Movement comes into force, which advocates the extension of aid to the less fortunate in order to support Christian ideals. It defined charitable aid and volunteerism for decades.1925 - Scopes Monkey Trial exposes the increasing divide between religion and science by pitting evolutionists and against creationists. It shows the rise of religious fundamentalism in the 1920s.1957 - The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is founded in the wake of the Montgomery Bus Boycott to organize the civil rights movement in the South. It, led by Martin Luther King Jr., would become the preeminent civil rights organization until the rise of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther party.1512 - The encomienda system was established, which granted land and natives to conquistadores in exchange for their education of those natives. In reality, it evolved into an early forced labor system that caused enormous population declines in South and Central America.1525 - The first slave ship lands in the Americas, beginning an insitution that would define American labor for the next three centuries. These slave ships were often crowded and unsanitary, and many slaves died on the voyages.1619 - The first ship bearing Africans arrived in the British colonies, in Jamestown. At the time, Africans may have been either slaves or indentured servants, but soon, Africans would become almost uniformly slaves when brought over for labor.1806 - The case Commonwealth v. Pullis in Philadelphia found organized strikes for higher wages to be illegal. This was in holding with previous precedent and in line with British common law, which likewise found collective bargaining illegal.1842 - The case Commonwealth v. Hunt in the Massachusetts Supreme Court found labor organizations to be legal if they organized legally and did not use illegal means in seeking their goals. This case laid the foundation for American trade unionism in the future, as well as provided a bulwark against the anti-Union decisions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.1886 - The Haymarket Square Riot initially began as a demonstration for an eight-hour workday, but after the police killed several people, a bomb was thrown and several police officers were killed. This riot resulted in the arrest and conviction of eight people, of whom four were eventually given capital punishment. This riot was endemic of and continued a pattern of anti-union sentiment in the Gilded Age.1877 - The Great Railroad Strike sought wage increases after the third consecutive drop in wages by the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Many strikers were killed when states and cities organized armed militias to break the strikes, and in the wake of the strike labor unions began to form.1894 - The Pullman Strike was led by Eugene Debs, and came about as a result of wage cuts and layoffs in the Pullman Palace Car company. The strike involved sabotage, and was brutally broken by the US Army, called in by Grover Cleveland. Debs was convicted of violating a court order, but his career was started by this strike, and the brutality with which it was broken would somewhat modify government responses in the future.1892 - The Homestead Strike opposed the planned wage decrease by the Carnegie Steel Company. It culminated with a battle between strikers and private security, including the Pinkerton company. In the end, the strikers were defeated, and the unionization of the steel industry was set back significantly. The Homestead Strike was representative of the general success of unions in the late 19th century.1890 - The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibited anticompetitive agreements and conduct that attempted to monopolize the distribution of a good or service. However, it was frequently used to attack strikes, since strikes hinder competition by immobilizing a market.1914 - The Clayton Antitrust Act reinforced existing statutes such as the Sherman antitrust act to prohibit anticompetitive practices. It was worded such that it could not be abused in favor of businesses over unions, and as a result reduced anti-union activity.1902 - The Anthracite Coal Strike sought an eight-hour workday, higher wages, and the recognition of a union. For the first time, the federal government under Teddy Roosevelt was a neutral arbitrator, and after threatening to nationalize the industry, strikers received a 10% wage increase and a reduction in hours from 10 to 9. The union was not recognized. This represented a changing attitude toward unions in the progressive era.1905 - The Industrial Workers of the World is founded. The IWW espouses industrial unionism, in which workers are divided by the industry in which they work. It further had ties to socialist and anarchist movements, making it a frequent target of anti-socialist sentiment in the early 20th century. The IWW was founded by a group including Eugene Debs, a strike leader who went on to run for president.1935 - The Wagner Act guaranteed the right of workers to organize into unions and collectively bargain for wages and better working conditions. It sought to prevent the unequal bargaining that had defined the 1920s, an era of the resurgence of big business. It further sought to prevent certain labor practices, such as the prevention of the organization of unions.1947 - The Taft-Hartley Act curtailed the power of unions that had been granted under the Wagner Act, limiting the activities a union could engage in as part of its collective bargaining. Among other practices, it prevented unions from demanding specific jobs and prohibited union workers from striking without the approval of their leadership. The Taft-Hartley Act also made closed shops illegal, and required union leaders to sign anti-Communist papers, heralding the rise of an era of conservatism and anti-Co1981 - The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization launched a strike on August 3, seeking an increase in wages coupled with a 32-hour work week of four days and eight hours. This strike was in violation of the Taft-Hartley Act, which prohibits federal employees from striking, and President Reagan took the unprecedented step of firing over 11,000 air traffic controllers that did not return to work within 48 hours. PATCO was decertified as a union, and it took a decade to recover the lost population1932 - The Norris-LaGuardia Act increased support for labor unions following the anti-labor 1920s. This act prevented federal courts from issuing injunctions against nonviolent strikes, and banned contracts that included a clause preventing membership in a union. The Norris-LaGuardia Act began an era in the 1930s of pro-union legislation.1933 - The National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed the right of workers to unionize and bargain collectively. It also set a minimum wage and maximum working hours. It was found unconstituional by 1935 and replaced with the Wagner Act.Периоды
1591-1643: Anne Hutchinson - She was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for preaching due to her being a woman, and later settled in Long Island. She represented the beginning of an American tradition of intense involvement of women in religion.1730-1750: The First Great Awakening is a movement that emphasizes personal guilt and salvation, occurring primarily in the backcountry. It founds American evangelicalism, splitting the church into New and Old Lights (supporters and opponents of it).1703-1758: Jonathan Edwards - He was a leader of the First Great Awakening who worked in New England, famous for the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." His theology would play a large role in defining American religious thought for decades.1714-1770: George Whitefield - He was a leader of the First Great Awakening who founded the evangelical movement, leading enormous open-air sermons. Whitefield's techniques of traveling would be used in every major religious revival following his.1800-1830: The Second Great Awakening emerged as a reaction to the lack of religion in the West. It focused on those who were nonreligious, and employed ministers to travel across the country, cementing evangelicalism as a dominant form of Christianity in America. The churches established in the First Great Awakening expanded, and various utopian communities sprung up, some of which (the Mormons) remained prominent.1805-1844: Joseph Smith - He was the founder of the Mormon church, who wrote their scriptures and led them west to Illinois before being killed. His movement would expand and become a dominant force in Utah.1801-1877: Brigham Young - He was the second leader of the Mormon church, and led them to Utah after Smith's death. Young led the Mormon's through their founding of a society in Utah and conflicts with the United States.1736-1784: Mother Ann Lee - She was a leader of the Shakers who advocated complete celibacy, even in marriage, and founded the Shaker church in the United States. Her philosophy became more widespread during the Second Great Awakening.1792-1875: Charles Finney - He was a major figure in the Second Great Awakening who coined the term "Burned-Over District" to refer to Western New York. He is regarded as the father of revivalism and spearheaded the movement to make Christianity more popular in the mid-to-late 19th century.1950-1960: After a period of depression and war, the United States rapidly becomes more religious as families move to the suburbs and have more children. Church attendance rises to the highest level in decades as conservatism returns to the forefront after two decades of liberalism.1979-1989: The Moral Majority - This was a group formed to advocate religion in politics, and it became the foundation of the Christian Right. It used tactics including mail and television campaigns to drive the country towards a more conservative stance.1933-2007: Jerry Falwell - He was a leader of the Christian resurgence in the 1980s who founded the Moral Majority and Liberty University. Falwell's unification of conservatism with relgion would persist, driving evangelical christians to become a source of strength for the Republican party.1918-2018: Billy Graham - He pioneered the use of television and radio to broadcast religious messages, becoming one of, if not the most prolific preachers in history. He later served as a spiritual adviser to many presents, giving him an enormous impact on the spirituality of the nation.1866-1873: National Labor Union - This was the first major national union, and primarily sought the creation of an eight-hour workday. In this goal it was successful, as Congress passed a federal eight-hour day, but many states did not pass similar laws and wages dropped in response. The NLU campaigned for the exclusion of Chinese workers and did not support either African Americans or women, but did somewhat include unskilled labor.1869-1949: Knights of Labor - This group allowed all workers, though primarily producers, to become members, and advocated for an eight-hour day, an income tax, and the end of child labor. Though the Knights of Labor did allow both African Americans and women as members, they allowed members in the South to segregate. The Knights of Labor enjoyed success through the 1870s and into the 1880s, but their association with the Haymarket Square riots led to their downfall, and the Panic of 1893 was in many ways t1886-1955: American Federation of Labor - This union worked with only skilled laborers, and excluded women as well as African Americans. It had similar goals as previous organizations, but was more moderate, often working with the government to attack more extreme labor organizations. As a result, it remained prominent through the Gilded Age and both World Wars, eventually merging with the CIO. The AFL's president for many years was Samuel Gompers, an aggressive pro-labor activist who sought concessions fro1855-1926: Eugene V. Debs - He was a labor leader and a member of the democratic party who was instrumental in the founding of several unions. Debs ran for the presidency as a socialist five times, once from prison. Debs was most significant for representing an oft-maligned political view during the first red scare and for advancing the cause of especially industrial unionism in the late 19th and early 20th century.1861-1875: Mollie Maguires - In Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, this group was blamed for a series of revolts against poor working conditions. This group emerged due to the discrimination against Irish immigrants in the area. Eventually, the group was disbanded after an investigation by the Pinkertons, and ten members were executed in 1877. In 1979, the leader of the Mollie Maguires was granted a pardon.1935-1955: Congress of Industrial Organizations - This federation of labor unions broke away from the AFL in 1936 to emphasize industrial unionism. It competed with the AFL through the 1930s and 1940s, and supported Franklin Roosevelt. The CIO welcomed African Americans, and refused to comply with the Taft-Hartley Act's provision that labor leaders must disavoy communism. It joined the AFL to form the AFL-CIO in 1955.
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