US History CLEP I 1500-1763
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Treaty of TordesillasThe Conqustadors Focused on AmericasVasco Nunez de Balboa crossed The isthmus of Panama first European to see the Pacific Ocean.Juan Ponce de Leon claimed FL for SpainHernando Cortes Fought the Aztecs, won, got rich on their gold. By 1550 more similar explorers did similar things to the people of South America.Panfilio de Narvaez failed an expedition but one of his men convinced Spain of riches in the new land.Hernando de Soto Penetrated the southeastern US mainland as far as Oklahoma.Francissco Vasquez de Coronado and his men traveled roughly from Mexico to the Grand Canyon.John Cabot Searched for the NorthWest passege found North AmericaGinovannia da Verrazzano ordered to follow John Cabot and Mirror Ferdinand Magellan.Jacques Cartier searched for the NW passage around the St. Lawrence River.King Philip of Spain is wages war on England because of Queen Elizabeth's support of Protestant beliefs. The war did not end until 1604. England gains the upper hand in exploration after they defeat the Spanish armada.Frobisher Searched the coast of CanadaSir Humphrey Gilbert searched the coast of Canada for NW passage and tried to start a colony. lost at sea. Sir Walter Raleigh took over.Walter Raleigh's colony landed on Roanoke, Called colony Virginia,Walter Raleigh's colony disapears.Plymouth Company Attempted colonization failed.Virginia Company of London Started a Colony and named it JamestownJohn Smith lead the colony at JamestownJohn Rolfe discovered that tobacco could grow in Virginia.The House of Burgesses, a representative assembly was established in the new world.The first Africans were brought to the new world as servants.Indians massacre 347 ColonistsIndians massacre 300 Colonists.King James Claimed the colony as a royal colony using the pretext of the massacre in 1622.Frenchman Samuel de Champlain Started a trading post in Canada.Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi ValleySieur de la Salle followed the Mississippi to its mouth.Holland sent Henry Hudson to search for the north west passage. He found the Hudson river.A Dutch trading post was started on Manhattan island and where Albany is today.Separatists thought the Church was more than what the Puritan ideals were in that day. This lead them to start a colony lead by William Bradford. They also all signed the Mayflower Compact.20,000 puritans started to populate Massachusetts.Charles I, determined to persecute the Puritans.Puritans started a joint stock charter called Massachusetts bay company. And started a Colony.Massachusettes Colony did not suffer the starvation time.Roger Williams, a puritan preacher had ideas that were different from the standard belief so he was banished. He departed with his folowers and started a new settlement.Anne Hutchinson taught contrary to puritan beliefs was banished and started her own townRoger WilliamsRoger Williams bought land from the indians and called the colony on it providence.Thomas Hooker headed west and started Hartford."Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" was the first written constitution in America.John Davenport founded New Haven.A new charter combined New Haven and Connecticut into a colony.King Charles II chartered the separate royal colony of New Hampshire.English crown Started individual charters.George Calvert, Lord Baltimore owned the first proprietary colony.Calvert authorized the act of religious tolerance.Charles II Gave land to freinds in the lands south of Virginia and north of spanish florida.Charelston founded by BarbadosJames Duke of York given all of the Dutch lands in America by conquest.New Jersey turned into a royal colony after land ownership disputes.Black people's treatment changed from indentured servants to slaves. (1640-1670)Blacks were being imported as slaves as early as 1750.The British regulated American trade strictly. (Mercantilists)Navigation acts on (1651, 1660, 1663, 1673)War over Mercantilism between England and HollandNathaniel Bacon was rejected from the rich peoples club in Virginia.Bacon and Berkeley fight which turns into violence and the burning of Jamestown. Bacon died of dysentery.clergymen propose the Half-Way Point for undecided beliversBible was translated into Algonquian for converted Indians (over 1,000).King Philip a Wampanoag chief tried to exterminate Whites. Killed 2,000ish before his death.Massachusetts Colony charter revoked because they broke the navigation acts.Sir Edmond Andros alienated the New Englanders.England's Glorious Revolution. The crown changed hands. Hail Queen Mary boo King James. Andros shipped back to England.The charter of Massachusetts joined with Plymouth was restored as a royal colony.Salem witch trials.Molasses Act which would have been disastrous if the authorities chosen enforce it.1689-1763 Britian and it's colony fought a series of 4 wars with Spain, France, and France's Indian allies.1689-1697 King Williams War, was the first war in America. Mostly Border raids it was ended by the treaty of Ryswick.1702-1713 The second war in America: Queen Anne's war. sporatic fighting, it was finaly ended by the treaty of Utrecht.The war of Jenkins ear - A war with Franc, Spain on one side and America and Britain. In 1745 The New England army lead by William Pepperrel captured the French fortress of Louisbourg. 1748 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle gave Louisbourg back to France.A warfare Buffer colony was established between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida.John Locke wrote about what he belived were the natural social and political laws of America.Religious Revivals Called "THE GREAT AWAKENING"The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Ended King George's war.European war / French American war over the Ohio valley and west Pennsylvania....William Pitt took Quebec and Montreal, and liquidated The French empire in North America.Treaty of Paris, gave Britain all of Canada and all of the current US land. Americans gave little thought to Independince for a bit Being happy to be part of the triuphant Britain.1763-1787 The American Revoultion1500-1763 The Colonial Period1787-1789 The United states Constitution1789-1824 The New Nation1824-1850 Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion.1850-1860 Sectional Conflict and the Causes of the Civil War1860-1877 The Civil War and ReconstructionAmerica loved Britain. Britain wanted more power over the colonies, This lead to the American Independence.James Otis argued before a court in Massachusetts that the Writs of Assistance were now contrary to American law.Anti-American George Grenville became prime minister (Britain) started searching for a way out of debt.Grenville Issued the "Proclamation" a law forbidding white settlement west beyond the Appalachians. This was to prevent upset Indians and the settlers moving out of reach.Grenville pushed the Sugar Act through Parliament. Also known as the Revenue Act, it Raised taxes on goods imported to America. This Act lowered the duties of the Molasses Act, and it was stringently enforced.Currency Act forbade the colonies to make their own currency.Quartering Act, Forced The colonies to support the 10,000 troops posted throughout the colonies.Stamp Act this forced colonists to purchase revenue stamps for everything that they bought.Nine colonist representatives met as the Stamp Act Congress. It requested that Britain repeal both the Stamp and Sugar Acts.King George III dismissed Grenville. Replaced by Charles Lord Rockingham who repealed the Stamp Act and passed the Declaratory Act. It claimed power to tax or make laws in the Colonies.Townshend was given the chance to enforce a new set of taxes that would replace all of Grenville'sMassachusetts legislator urges the other colonies to repetition to Parliament to repeal the actsFredrick Lord North, new head of Parliament repealed all but the Tea Act. to late to stop the Boston massacre.Boston MassacreBritain changed the Tea Act so even with tax it was less then smuggled tea, America still rejected the idea of buying taxed tea.Boston tea party.The Continental Congress met again and again petitioned for Parliament to repeal the Acts. Also publishing the Suffolk Resolves denouncing the intolerable Acts. Non-importation and militia men were also things accomplished.Massachusetts was declared a rebellious colony, Troops were sent to under General Gage to Capture the rebellion leaders. He went for the American ammunition stockpile, America noticed and effectively countered this strike. The British Barely made it back alive. more on page 41ishBunker HillAmerican Forces under Ethan Allen took Fort Ticonderoga.Congress sent two parties to Quebec, under Montgomery and Benedict Arnold in an attempt to save Canada, this failed and American forces retreated.The Second Continental Congress. It was lead by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. They once again pleaded with King George III to stop the blood shed.Throughout 1775 Americans still loved Britain even though King George III declaired them in revolt.Thomas Pain published Common Sense.Richard Henry Lee, introduced a series of formal resolutions in Congress calling for independice.Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.Washington takes Command.Washington stationed on Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston, and forced the British out of the City due to the threat of stolen cannons.Washington was defeated at the battle of Long Island.Washington Defeated at the battle of Washington HeightsWashington crossed the Delaware and river and struck the drunk Hessians at Trenton and won.Washington won at Princeton.British authority developed an elaborate plan to defeat America.Howe payed little to no heed to this plan and took his army to Chesapeake Bay where he pushed back American forces. Taking Philadelphia.American General Nicholas Herkimer's efforts forced Colonel Barry St. Leger and his British forces to retreat to Canada.A detachment of Burgoyne's forces. Was held back by American forces. He surrendered to Gates that year as well.America's victory at Saratoga convinced France to join the American forces. Spanish and Dutch forces joined as well. (1779/1780)Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.British forces took Georgia easily.American Forces General Benjamin Franklin surrendered to Clinton and returned to New
York. Leaving Cornwallis to continue the Southern Campaign.Congress sent General Horatio Gates to lead the forces opposing Cornwallis. Gates was defeated at the Battle of Camden in South Carolina.Cornwallis moved north after taking South Carolina, He did not secure South Carolina so when he left American Militia men
and Guerrilla forces would take it Back. A detachment of his force was also defeated by the American frontiersmen at the battle of Kings Mountain.Nathaniel Green took the victory at the battle of Cowpens and a near victory at Guilford Court House as well.Cornwallis was instructed to take up defenses and wait. He chose a peninsula in Chesapeake bay, Washington took advantage of this bottling
Cornwallis up using the French navy and his own troops. Cornwallis surrendered after 3 weeks of siege.Treaty of ParisAnnapolis Convention.The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia Washington was elected to preside.Federal Government was prohibited from importing slaves.The Federalist Papers 1786-1800Nine states had ratified crucial states like New York held back Ratification.George Washington was inaugurated as the nations first president.Article III Accomplished by the Judiciary Act.Constitution AmendmentsCollapse of British authorityTen new state constitutions were formedMassachusetts adopted its constitutionCommittee apointed for the creation of governments.Maryland was a Ratified state. Virginia surrendered its western claims to The National Government.Newburgh conspiracyDaniel Boone opened the Wilderness Road.Over 100,000 settlers in KentuckyTo open up the lands north of Ohio Congress passed three land Ordinances.Land Ordinance of 1784 provided territorial government and a system each territory could achieve statehood.Land Ordinance of 1787 provided orderly surveying/distribution of townships.Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided a bill of rights for settlers and forbade slavery in the north.John Jay began negotiations with Spannish minister Gardoqui.Spanish wanted American land. This made the Union disagree.Shays' RebellionStates did not pay debts or return property after the Treaty of Paris, so The British Northwest posts were not evacuated.Meeting of representatives called for a
Convention.Washington's inaugurationTen amendments to the Constitution ( The Bill of rights) were ratified.The Judiciary Act Provided for a Supreme Court.WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 1789-1797THE 1789 CABINET: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.French citizens were rioting for independence, Washington Proclaimed Neutrality.John Jay makes a treaty with BritainThe Pinckney Treaty ratified by the Senate. Allowed for the Mississippi river
open to American traffic, including the right to deposit in the port of New Orleans.General Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This resulted in the treaty of Greenville.The Whiskey RebellionNew states were formed which strengthened the ties between the Western Farmers and the Central Government . The states were Vermont (1791) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796).JOHN ADAM'S ADMINISTRATION 1797-1801. Also the Election of 1796.Three man delegation was sent to France to persuade the
French to stop harassing American shipping. They refused.Quasi-War 1798-1799 All trade with France were stopped and American ships were given
permission to attack French ships. Napoleon signed a treaty that restored peace in 1800.Elections of 1798 increased Federalist majorities.John Locke's compact theory which failed and was replaced by basic principals.THE REVOLUTION OF 1800The Election, Jefferson Became president and Burr Vice president, after a very close race.Unhappy that Hamilton had endorsed Jefferson and not him, Aaron Burr grew anoyed this led to the famious Hamilton vs Burr duel.New Judiciary Act.Importation of slaves was stopped by a Constitutional mandate.Louisiana Purchase the territory of LA was purchased for 15$ Million.Jefferson authorized an expedition to explore western territory this was done by the Lewis and Clark group.Essex Junto, Burr had the chanse to govern New York, He was apposed by Hamilton
and did not get elected. This angered him so he challenged, shot, and killed Hamilton in a duel.Aaron Burr was arrested in Natchez and was tried for treason in Richmond Virginia.Jefferson sent a naval force to stop a tribute paid to Muslim rulers
by all trade vessels. The Half war dragged on until 1805ish.British Military ship stopped US ship and alleged British deserters were taken off it.Jefferson to prevent war prohibited American ships to leave port by drafting The Embargo.MADISON ADMINISTRATION 1809-1817The election of 1808.The war of 1812. Congress passed a modified embargo which opened trade to all countries
except Britain and France. It expiered in 1810 and was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.General William Henry Harrison destroyed Tecumseh's village
on Tippecanoe Creek. No more Indian Confecerasy.War Hawks led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun agitated for war in both houses.
Jefferson asked for a declaration of war from Congress and they approved. 1812Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry built a feat of ships and defeated
the British at put in bay and established control over the bay.Andrew Jackson crushed Indian forces at horseshoe bend and sensed Spanish garrison.British strategy changes. And the Star Spangled Banner was inspiredJackson's Florida Invasion.The Battle of New OrleansThe Treaty of GhentThe Hartford ConventionProtective TariffRush-Bagot TreatySevere economic depression.The Barbary Wars 1815 gained the United States free access to the Mediterranean.Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 Spain sold the rest of Florida to the US, also drew the line of Mexican boundary line.The Monroe Doctrine 1823 Declared the American hemisphere
"henceforth not to be considered for future European colonization."Monroe PresidencyDepression of 1819MArbury v. Madison 1803Fletcher v. Peck 1810Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)McCollouch v. Maryland (1819)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Steam line boat monopoly. On the west coast.The Missouri Compromise (1820)1818 National Road From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia.Population doubled every 25 years and by 1840 over 1/3 of
all Americans lived west of the Alleghenies.1820 Immigration from abroad was mostly from the British IslesRobert Fulton built the steam boat Clermont (1807), New Orleans (1811)Erie CanalAmerica's largest trade center and largest city.Samuel Slater Built the first Cotton-spinning mill.(1789) This was the First cotton manufacturing
plant in the world containing all the elements of cotton manufacturing under one roof. (1813)The first organized strike in Paterson, New Jerseyone goal the growth of unions occurred was to start the 10 hour day. Which was quenched by the depression later.Before 1815, there were no public schools.The Jacksonian Democracy, 1829-1841National elections had never attracted much enthusiasm until 1824.The Election of 1824The Election of 1824, Jackson wonIn 1828, Congress passed a new tariff bill. It included higher import duties. They called it the the "Tariff of Abominations"The Election of 1828 had National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. Jackson won with 178 of the 261 electoral votes. John Calhoun was Vice President.The Indian Removal Act in 1830 moved all Indians to west of the Mississippi River.Mercy Otis Warren Published Revolutionary pamphlet Multi volume History Of the Revolution in 1805.Mason Weems wrote "Life of Washington" 1806"Blue Backed Speller" & Dictionary of the American language. By Noah Websters 1806 ishThe Second Great Awakening. A trend towards rationalism Started at a camp in Cane Ridge, Kentucky.The reawakening sparked great reform movements 1830s & 1840sWilliam Lloyd Garrison started the newspaper, The Liberator, and began to advocate for emancipation.Webster-Hayne Debate 1830. Federal land Polices.John C. Calhoon quit VP after the New Tariff of 1832.Andrew Jackson Obtained a Force Bill from Congress 1833 which empowerd him to use Federal troops to collect taxes.Nicholas Biddle operated the bank since 1823.Election of 1832Clay and Webster Promoted a recharter of the bank in 1832 which Jackson Vetoed. Jackson then worked on destroying the bank in his termPanic of 1837 happened when the Biddle tightened credit and called on loans owed. He did this to boycott the removal of the bank. He eventually relented and released surplus funds sending inflation into an upward spiral.Jackson ordered the distribution of surplus funds. Which further fueled inflammation. To counter act it the Specie Circular was issued requireing payment for land in cold hard cash.Busness recession lasted well into the 1840s.Election of 1836 Jackson hand picked Martin Van Buren.Election of 1840 Harrison won
Saw the largest voter turnout to date.Van Buren pushed "Independent Treasury" to handle government funds through congress.Jacksonian era 1828-1848 ...Charles River Bridge case in 1837, ....Alexis de Tocqueville, a French civil servant, studied the American prison system, in his book "Democracy in America"
(published 1835) he talked about his fascination of the system and American democracy in general.Antebellum culture: an age of reform, the American people faced transition and instability from movements toward reform rising for order and control.Transcendentalists began in Concord Massachusetts. The goal was to transcend the bounds of the intellect and strive for emotional understanding, to attain unity with God. 1820-1830 ish start up time.The Utopians, to live a perfect life in a perfect society. 1840s ishThe Mormons, began with Joseph Smith who received the sacred writings in 1830 NY.Large amounts of immigration form Ireland and southern Germany.The American Society for promotion of Temperance was organisedFree school crusade movement. 1830sFirst state supported school for woman, Troy Female Seminary.Dorothea Dix fought for asylums for the mentally ill. 1840 onward.Prison Reform, they started to rehabilitate not just imprison. The first of this new kind was built in Auburn, New York, 1821The Feminist movement, Seneca Falls, New York, 1848. Also brought the "Declarations of sentiments and resolutions" and began the modern feminist movement.The American Colonization Society was formed in 1817, was established in the colony of Liberia in 1830. By the time it was established it reached a dead end.William Lloyd founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society 1832 and The American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833Fredrick Douglass became a fiery orator and published the newspaper North Star.Anti-Abolitionist violence against the fanaticism of the radicals. Some abolitionists were killed 1830s.The Liberty party (first abolitionist party was formed in 1840.Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.Population Growth 1790-1860 4 million to 32 million. In 1860 one- half lived in states and territories that had not existed during Washington's Administration.Birth rates dropped after 1800 more rapedly in the cities than rural areas. Average 6 children in 1800 dropped to five in 1860, Children were no longer seen as an asset....
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