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Redlining and Vulnerability Timeline
Создана
Caralyn Dawson
⟶ Обновлено 7 дек 2018 ⟶
List of edits
Комментарии
События
Beginning of redlining maps created by private companies
HOLC drew “residential security maps” for 239 cities
Miami-city planners explore removing minority section of city
US Housing Act established FHA
First denials of FHA insurance to areas with “inharmonious race groups”
40% of neighborhoods in Chicago and Los Angeles carry “Racially restrictive covenants”
Concrete wall built between black and white development in Detroit
National Housing Agency is established
Housing and Home Finance Agency is established
Supreme Court ruling that state courts could not enforce racially restrictive covenants
Hurricane floods city along drainage canals
US Supreme Court disallowed racist restrictions, ruled cities could not legally enforce racially restrictive covenants
US Senate rejects amendment which would propose segregation in public housing
National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing is established
Desegregation of public schools increases white flight to neighboring segregated counties
Expansion of eminent domain uses allows for clearing of homes and businesses for development
John F Kennedy signed Equal Opportunity in Housing executive order
Civil Rights Act is established
Hurricane Betsy floods city
White flight- 60% of whites live in suburbs by this point
Racist provisions in deeds were made illegal
Supreme Court holds that Congress can monitor sales of private property to ensure no discrimination
Illinois State Legislature passes disallows redlining in Chicago
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requires transparency and review of lending practices from banks engaged in redlining
Public Reinvestment Board established by Ordinance 105987 in Central Seattle to help reverse discriminatory practices in lending
”Redlining and Disinvestment in Central Seattle” released by Central Seattle Community Council Federation-study of loan practices in Central Seattle revealed eight major banking institutions did not make more than two loans each in the Central Seattle area from 1970-1974
Community Reinvestment Act- Federal law decided that deposit-gathering institutions have a responsibility to solicit customers in all areas of a city
Hurricane Georges causes first ever evacuation of New Orleans
Hurricane Ivan causes second evacuation
Hurricane Katrina floods city, widespread levee failures and canal flooding-1500 deaths
Investigation into Wells Fargo’s lending policies reveals racially-biased lending policies
New Orleans Founded
First recorded hurricane to hit New Orleans, nearly wiped out entire settlement
“Great Louisiana Hurricane” flooded areas along Lake Pontchartrain; populated areas protected by natural levees
“Great Barbados Hurricane” Levees along Mississippi River broke and flooded French Quarter
Three hurricanes struck in the same year destroy lakefront properties
Three hurricanes cause storm surge-pumps to move water to higher areas suggested
Virginia-African American political wards are gerrymandered in order to suppress votes
Introduction of streetcars begins white flight to the suburbs as streetcars expand the developable area of the city
90% of African American population lives in the South, the majority in rural areas
Giant screw pumps used to lift water from low-lying areas into higher level canals
Hurricane floods city through drainage canals
“Exclusionary zoning laws” ruled unconstitutional, “Racially restrictive covenants” took their place
City of Euclid passes restrictive zoning laws
Supreme Court rules in favor of Euclid’s restrictive zoning laws
Virginia- “Racial integrity law”-disallowed movements of individuals into an area where they were not legally allowed to marry a member of the majority population
Emergency Relief and Construction Act, creating Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation created
Периоды
Barrier islands formed
Deposition of sediment forms distributary channels
Repeated hurricanes caused damage to New Orleans
Drainage canals designed and built to control flooding caused by heavy rains
”The Great Migration”-African Americans enter cities to fill labor shortages caused by World War I
Miami-city uses eminent domain to remove minority housing to construct segregated businesses