События
From New Guinea to India and Phillipines"Saccharum officinarum L." first domesticated @ New GuineaAlexander's general tasted Indian drinks
- referred them as "saccharan" (greek) (similar to name
of sugar cane - succharun officinarum L.) but that word
isn't translatable to a sp substance (could be
bamboo sugar aka "tabashir")"Discourse on Moral Consciousness"
= Hindu religious text
= desc. boiling of juice -> molasses-> rolling balls of ff
= ff = taffylike & luxuryGrowing @ E Mediterranean
ff beginning to be consumed and
known by Euro but v little- ff -> Venice (major re-exporter for Euro later)
- ff cane grown @ N Africa,
7 Mediterranean islands
SpainMoors withdrew from S France and Toulouse and entrench selves behind Pyrenees (@border between Spain and France)Spain = almost 100% Christian
altho some still Islam bc Arab Expansion
The spread of Islam
= diffused v. NB crops
= transport diverse cultural richesHaiti Revolutionm therefore decrease @ prod and consumInvention of of vertical 3 roller mill
- powered by animals/ water
- Invented by Pietro Speciale @ 1449 OR fr Peru -> Brazil @ 1603-1612
- Make Arab's systems = inrelevantSicilian industry = only prod enough to supp its domestic market, no longer flourishing@1450 Madiera = leading supplier
@ 1500s Canary Islands = ^ NBColumbus was the 1st to carry
ff -> the new world on his 2nd voyage,
ff= from CanariesCane = 1st grown @ New World @ Santa Domigo (Spain) and shipped -> Euro
Spain pioneered ff cane growing/ making, African slave labour and the plantation form1st African slaves imported
-> gold minds and ff industGonzalo Vellosa imported ^ skill ff masters fr canaies -> Carribean
= 1st step to creating authentic ff industry there
- imported 2 vertical rollers
By 1530s island = make 34 milPlantations
= 150-200 slaves (common)
= 500 slaves (rare)@late 1700s
- Tobacco dom New World market > ff
- ff = price of tobacco X2
- Brit colonies prod > French@ Early 1700s
-Brit, Dutch, French estab Caribbean plantations
-Jamestown = 1st English colony @ New World
- Didn't grow ff yetBrit attain Barbados (by Captain John Powell)- Brit invade Jamaica
- St prod ff @ barbados
- Brit dev las that controlled t
he fl of unfinished goods fr
colonies -> metropolis
- Only nobility eats sugar- Brit slowly take over Carribbean
bc Spanish = weakened by raids and smuggling
- Euro's naval wars
- Fought the most, conq the most colonies, imported slaves and went the
fastest/ furthest at dev of plantation syst
- Port no longer the one supp most of Euro's ff fr Brazil
- Eng dev own sources of ff fr: Barbados, Jamaica, etc. and learnt
methods of prod ff fr the Dutch (used to have experiments by thwarted by
Portugal)Initially Brit prod ff to compete
for ^ Euro market and supply to domestic
After beaten Port and France, relinquish
continental market so can suppl own needsEngland dominated sugar imports (more than other countries combined)... did this by
- v buying from Medi suppliers
- ^ imports
- ^ own coloniesff = ^ used by the richEngland started to produce its own ff (before this produced @ 'low countries', stopped by Phillip II)England = ^ NB @ refining Euro's ffBrit & French start prod ff @ Caribbean because of the tobacco market = saturatedПериоды
The coast of W of the Indus Delta and the head of the Persian Gulf = centre of ff fabrication
India made sugar in small quantitiesArab expanision -> W
- estab settlements @ Baghdad
- conq H Africa
- occupy major pts of Euro
- learn ^ techniques for Persians and Indians
- ff making @ Egypt -> Mediterranean & Spain
-Therefore Arabs intro to ff cult/making/taste
- ff followed the Koran
- Halt expansion at PoitersIslam @ Medi
- Prod ff @ summer, altering the round of the agri year
- Exp of prod -> N & S
- @ N = danger of frost, therefore, there was a shorter growing season,
^ labour req and a lower yield (counted vs them later)
- @S = low rainfall therefore high labour req for irrigation
- ff prod = ^ challenges (weather, maturation t 12m, req ^H2O and lab)
- Invested in irrig and H2O conserv
- Collected tech from Persia (e.g. water screw, bucket wheel, qanat = underground integration)
- Innovations need proper usLATE 16TH
- Prod @ New World = st to dominate
- Therefore prod @ India = ceased
- BC Euro got a taste for ff so acq Atlantic Islands- Venice st ff indust
- v Medi indust bc competit btw them and Spain/Morrocco, war, plague
-Crete, Cyprus, Egypt = contin prod ff but only enough for the domestic market
- Dev of indust by Portuguse and Spanish @ Atlantic islands
- ff still = luxury, medi and spice @ W Euro, ^ desire
-Led to estab of plantations @ Atlantic that used african labour, under Euro
settler's authority, prod ff for Portugal and Euro markets
- Enable Port and Spain to control S Atlantic and Eruo trade15th
- ^ prod @ Sicily, Spain and Morroco
- v prod @ Mediterranean
- ff still luxury but v rare, ^ demand
- Port & Spain's experiments @ Atlantic made them want to seize more colonies
(Spain = Canaries, Port = Sao Tome)
- Used slave labour- Black Death, therefire ^ prices @ lab gods
- War, plauges and v pop -> v ff industries
@ Crete and Cyprus
- ^ Use of slave labour to compensate
for lack of labour17TH
- Spain v ff prod BUT contin prod @ S
-^ lab - free wage laboureres who were paid partly, ^ of them = specialists or temp workers
@Canaries
- Used old world methods
- Share produce with owners and workers
- Their system = dev @ Late Medival N Italy
- ff -> common food
- ^ ind Eng colonies > French/ DutchCRUSADES
- ^ fam with ff @ Euro
- Crusaders learnt more about ff
@ 1st crusade (1096-99) = taught W Euro
about ff, support the prod of ff at conquered areas (e.g. Jerusalem)
- @ Tripoli learnt about honey called "Zuchra"
- Indust created by Arabs = v bc inferior local admin,
therefore inefficient lab allocation or irrig AND bc of Christian
- Euro st -> consumers and prod of ff16TH
- Spanish's early achievements @ Santo Domino (doomed to fail) and Carribbean
- Spain didn't have enough skill and wasn't ready for the demand to succeed in Santo Domino
- too little man power for gold mines AND plantations, v aboriginal labour ^ likely to be African lab
Problems with the Spanish
- Too obsessed with metal riches > ff
- ^ authoritarian control by crown @ private owned enterprises
- v cap for investment
- Colonialists ignored the NB of manual labour
- Initially Caribbean = station and fo@ early 1700s - mid 19th
- ^ ff prod bc ^ consum by westerners
- ^ prod rather than try to ^ yield/ ^ productivity of workers, thus v technological developmentsMERCANTILISM
- Guaranteed Birt's suppl of trop prod and their profit off processing/ re-exporting
- =/= buy finished goods elsewhere, colonies we're allowed to sell raw materials to anyone but the mother country,
- Protects planters and factory owners from foreign prod of ff/ finished goods
- v position of planter classes after they ^ of power
- ^ position of industrial capitalists
- System started to jepodise domestic supply
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