1 янв 1581 г. - United Provinces

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In 1579, a group of Dutch provines formed an anti-Spanish alliance after King Phillip had moved to suppress a Calvanist movement in the Netherlands. The group proclaimed themselves the United Nations in 1581 with representative assemblies organizing local affairs and eventually founding the Dutch Republic. In both England (Constitutional Monarchy) and the Dutch Republic, merchants were prominent in state affairs and state policy favored maritime trade and the building of commercial empires overseas.

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