15 ноя 2005 г. - Agreement on Movement and Access

Описание:

The Agreement on Movement and Access (AMA) was signed on 15 November 2005 between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) to enhance Palestinian freedom of movement and economic activity and open the Rafah Crossing on the Gaza-Egypt border. It aimed to facilitate the movement of people and goods within the Palestinian Territories and allow Palestinian control over the Rafah Crossing under EU supervision.

Background and Purposes: After the Second Intifada began in 2000, Israel severely restricted Palestinian movement. At the 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit, both sides pledged to cease hostilities and reaffirmed their commitment to the peace process. Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip in September 2005, and the AMA was concluded to improve Palestinian living conditions and promote peaceful development.

Content of the Agreement:

The Rafah Crossing to be operated by the PA on the Gazan side and Egypt on its side.
Safe passage between Gaza and the West Bank.
Reduction of movement obstacles in the West Bank by 31 December 2005.
Commencement of construction of a Gaza seaport.
Continued discussions on establishing an airport.
Agreed Principles for Rafah Crossing:

Rafah Crossing operated by the PA and Egypt.
Crossing allowed for people with Palestinian IDs and certain foreign nationals with Israeli oversight.
Rafah used for exporting goods to Egypt, with imports cleared at Kerem Shalom under Israeli supervision.

Hamas Takeover: After Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and formed a government, it refused to meet the conditions set by Israel and the Quartet (recognizing Israel, disavowing violence, accepting previous agreements). This led to a cessation of aid and dialogue with the Hamas-led PA. Following Hamas's takeover of Gaza in June 2007, the AMA's relevance diminished as Hamas replaced Fatah officials in Gaza, and Egypt largely sealed its border crossing.

Implementation: The AMA specified opening hours for Gaza-Israel crossings and set dates for starting bus and truck convoys between Gaza and the West Bank. However, these provisions were not implemented. Israel interpreted the agreement differently and delayed the pilot bus project indefinitely. Border crossing operations did not meet the agreed standards, and Gazans were largely banned from entering the West Bank. This position has remained unchanged since 2005.

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