15 сент 2020 г. - Abraham Accords

Описание:

The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and between Israel and Bahrain on September 15, 2020. Mediated by the United States, these agreements marked a significant step towards normalizing relations between Israel and the Arab world. The initial agreement between Israel and the UAE was announced on August 13, 2020, followed by an agreement between Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020. The signing ceremonies, hosted by U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House, highlighted the historic nature of these accords.

Key Points of the Abraham Accords
Recognition and Diplomatic Relations: Both the UAE and Bahrain recognized Israel's sovereignty and agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, including the exchange of embassies and ambassadors, and collaboration in various fields such as trade, tourism, and security.

Postponement of Annexation: As part of the agreement, Israel agreed to suspend its planned annexation of parts of the West Bank, which was part of the Trump administration's Middle East peace plan.

Common Belief: The agreements were named "Abraham Accords" to emphasize the shared heritage and common belief in the prophet Abraham by Judaism and Islam.

Subsequent Agreements
Sudan: On October 23, 2020, Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel, leading to Sudan's removal from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism and receiving a $1.2 billion loan. On January 6, 2021, Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum.

Morocco: On December 22, 2020, Israel and Morocco signed a normalization agreement. As part of the deal, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.

Background and Context
The Israeli-Palestinian peace process saw significant developments with the Oslo Accords in the 1990s but faced setbacks with the onset of the Second Intifada and changes in U.S. leadership. Throughout the 2010s, informal cooperation between Israel and several Sunni Arab states, driven by mutual concerns over Iran, laid the groundwork for the Abraham Accords.

Developments After the Agreements
Bahrain: In November 2023, amidst the Israel-Hamas war, Bahrain recalled its ambassador to Israel, although Israel stated that relations remained stable.
Economic and Security Cooperation: The accords opened doors for significant economic collaborations, including trade, investment, and technology exchanges, as well as defense agreements.
Public and Political Reactions
The normalization agreements were met with varying reactions. While they were seen as a diplomatic breakthrough and a step towards regional stability, they also faced criticism for not addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict directly. Protests and opposition were observed in the signatory Arab countries and other parts of the Arab world.

Conclusion
The Abraham Accords represent a significant shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics, highlighting a new era of cooperation between Israel and several Arab states. However, the accords also underscore the complexities and ongoing challenges in achieving comprehensive peace in the region, particularly regarding the Palestinian issue.

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