1 ноя 1991 г. - Madrid Conference of 1991

Описание:

The Madrid Conference of 1991 was a peace conference held from October 30 to November 1, 1991, in Madrid, Spain, co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union. It aimed to revive the Israeli–Palestinian peace process through negotiations involving Israel, the Palestinians, and Arab countries including Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

Background
Following the Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush sought to use U.S. political capital to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process. U.S. Secretary of State James Baker made multiple visits to the region to garner support for the conference. Israel's request for $11 billion in U.S. loan guarantees, linked to settlement policies, complicated the preparations but was ultimately delayed to facilitate the conference.

Conference Details
The Palestinian team was part of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation, with no overt PLO representatives due to Israeli objections. The conference served as an opening forum without the power to impose solutions, leading to bilateral and multilateral negotiations.

Bilateral and Multilateral Negotiations
Bilateral Negotiations: Began on November 3, 1991, with twelve meetings in Washington between December 1991 and January 1994. The Madrid negotiations were overshadowed by the secret Oslo negotiations, leading to the Oslo I Accord in 1993.
Multilateral Negotiations: Started in January 1992 in Moscow, focusing on regional issues like water, environment, arms control, refugees, and economic development. These negotiations included international community participation but excluded Lebanon and Syria.
Impact
The Madrid Conference led to several significant outcomes:

Revocation of UN Resolution 3379, which had equated Zionism with racism.
Increased diplomatic recognition of Israel by various countries, including China, India, and some Arab states.
Paved the way for the Oslo I Accord and the Israel-Jordan peace treaty of 1994.
Quotes
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir: "With an open heart, we call on the Arab leaders to take the courageous step and respond to our outstretched hand in peace."
Head of the Palestinian Delegation, Haydar Abd al-Shafi: "To the cosponsors and to the international community that seeks the achievement of a just peace in the Middle East, you have given us a fair hearing. You cared enough to listen and for that we thank you."
The Madrid Conference set a precedent for future peace efforts, despite its limited immediate accomplishments, by bringing together all involved parties for the first time.

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