15 июл 1840 г. - Convention of London

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The Convention of London of 1840, also known as the Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, was a treaty signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty aimed to address the challenges posed by the rebellious Wali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, who was in conflict with the Ottoman Empire.

The negotiations leading to the treaty were prompted by concerns among the Great Powers about the potential destabilizing effects of an Ottoman collapse on Europe. The Ottomans agreed to close the Dardanelles to all non-Ottoman warships during peacetime as part of the agreement.

Key provisions of the treaty required Muhammad Ali to withdraw his forces immediately from various territories, including Arabia, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, Crete, and the district of Adana, all of which were within the Ottoman Empire. In return, Muhammad Ali and his heirs were offered permanent control over Egypt and the Eyalet of Acre, provided these territories remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

Failure to comply with the terms of withdrawal would result in penalties for Muhammad Ali. If he did not withdraw his forces within ten days, he would lose the offer of Southern Syria. If he delayed acceptance for more than 20 days, he would forfeit everything offered.

Muhammad Ali initially refused to accept the terms of the convention, leading to the Oriental Crisis of 1840. However, faced with military pressure from European powers and the Ottoman Empire, as well as internal challenges, Muhammad Ali eventually capitulated and accepted the terms of the convention on 27 November 1840.

The treaty and subsequent firmans issued by the Ottoman sultan confirmed Muhammad Ali's rule over Egypt and the Sudan, establishing Egypt as an autonomous Ottoman province. Later, Egyptian nationalists would use these documents to challenge British claims of occupation and assert Egypt's autonomy within the Ottoman Empire.

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