1 янв 1123 г. - Pactum Warmundi

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The Pactum Warmundi, established in 1124 between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice, was a strategic and commercial treaty that marked a significant collaboration during the Crusades. It was negotiated by Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and granted the Venetians substantial privileges throughout the Kingdom, except in Jerusalem itself where their autonomy was more restricted.

The treaty provided the Venetians with extensive commercial rights, including their own church, market, and the ability to use their scales and laws in business transactions, a critical factor for maintaining Venetian trade supremacy in the region. In Acre, the Venetians were given a quarter of the city, and similar privileges were extended to Tyre and Ascalon, with significant tax exemptions and rights to a third of these cities and their surrounding lands. This setup effectively allowed Venice to operate semi-autonomously within the Kingdom of Jerusalem, fostering a sort of proto-colonial influence in the Levant.

The Pactum was crucial for the Kingdom of Jerusalem as well, securing Venetian naval support which was instrumental in the successful siege of Tyre, a major victory for the Crusaders. The treaty was signed by a range of ecclesiastical authorities, indicating its importance and the church’s significant role in governance and international relations during this period. However, no secular lords from Jerusalem signed the treaty, possibly reflecting Venetian views of Jerusalem as a papal fief more than a sovereign kingdom.

Upon Baldwin II’s release from captivity and his subsequent ratification of the treaty in 1125, the Pactum Warmundi remained effective until the fall of the kingdom in 1291. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, the Venetian quarters in Acre and Tyre became powerful centers of influence, often acting independently of the Kingdom's authority, especially after the loss of Jerusalem. This independence and the commercial benefits accrued from the treaty helped Venice, and later other Italian city-states like Genoa and Pisa, to develop the wealth and naval power that propelled them into the forefront of Mediterranean trade and politics, significantly influencing the Italian Renaissance.

The historical significance of the Pactum Warmundi illustrates the interconnectedness of commerce, politics, and military alliances during the Crusades, highlighting how these elements were pivotal in shaping the medieval Mediterranean world.

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