1 янв 1099 г. - Establishment of the crusader states

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The Crusader states, also known as Outremer, were four medieval polities established by Western European crusaders in the Levant from 1098 to 1291, after the First Crusade was called to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. These states were the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, stretching from southeastern Turkey to western Jordan.

Initially successful, the Crusader states gradually declined over the centuries. Edessa fell to the Zengid Turks in 1144, initiating a pattern of territorial loss. Antioch and Tripoli eventually succumbed to the Mamluk Sultanate by the late 13th century. Jerusalem, having faced significant weakening by the Ayyubids, was the last to fall in 1291, ending nearly 200 years of Crusader presence. The remaining survivors fled to the Kingdom of Cyprus.

Historically viewed through the lens of the Crusades, the Crusader states began to be studied as distinct entities in 19th-century France, often analogously linked to contemporary French colonial experiences in the Levant. By the 20th century, historians generally agreed that the Franks, though rulers, lived as a minority, urban and separate from the indigenous populations, maintaining distinct legal and religious systems. The ancient Jewish communities in the region faced severe persecution under the Crusaders, highlighting the religious and cultural conflicts of the period.

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