1 янв 661 г. - Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty

Описание:

The Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty, signed in 661, played a crucial role in ending the First Fitna (656–661) within the Islamic community. Here's a breakdown of its historical background, key events, and terms:

Historical Background:

After the assassination of Ali in 661, his son Hasan was acknowledged as caliph in Kufa.
However, Syria's governor Mu'awiya did not recognize Hasan's caliphate and pressed him for abdication.
Mu'awiya led an army into Kufa, while Hasan faced mutiny and a failed assassination attempt by the Kharijites.
Peace Treaty:

Mu'awiya sent envoys proposing that Hasan abdicate in his favor to avoid further bloodshed.
Hasan accepted the proposal, laying out conditions in a letter sent to Mu'awiya in Maskin.
The conditions included compliance with the Quran and sunna, appointment of a successor by a council (shura), safety for the people, and amnesty for Hasan's supporters.
Hasan renounced the caliphate in August 661, after a seven-month reign, and retired from politics in Medina.
Terms of the Treaty:

Variants of the treaty's terms exist in historical sources, with some conditions questioned for their accuracy.
Conditions included financial settlements, appointment of Hasan's successor, and the cessation of cursing Ali in mosques.
Hasan's final conditions emphasized adherence to Islamic principles, safety for the people, and appointment of a successor by a council.
Mu'awiya's agreement to grant amnesty to Hasan's supporters suggests that revenge for Uthman's death was a pretext for seizing the caliphate.
Interpretations and Criticisms:

Hasan's abdication and the terms of the treaty have been subject to different interpretations.
Some view Hasan's actions as motivated by a desire for unity and peace among Muslims, while others criticize him for ceding the caliphate.
The treaty's terms have been analyzed for their implications and historical accuracy, with variations among different accounts and interpretations.
In conclusion, the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty marked a significant turning point in early Islamic history, ending a period of internal strife and shaping the subsequent political landscape of the Muslim world.


After the surrender ceremony, Mu'awiya publicly renounced his earlier promises to Hasan, stating that they were made merely to expedite the end of the war. Hasan, in turn, returned to Medina, distancing himself from Mu'awiya's regime. When Mu'awiya requested Hasan's assistance in suppressing a Kharijite revolt near Kufa, Hasan declined, emphasizing that he had relinquished his claim to the caliphate for the sake of peace, not to support Mu'awiya's rule.

Retiring from politics in compliance with the peace treaty, Hasan rejected calls from Shia groups to lead them against Mu'awiya. Reports suggest that Hasan sent tax collectors to certain provinces in Iran as part of the treaty terms, but the governor of Basra, acting on Mu'awiya's instructions, incited opposition against Hasan's agents, driving them out of the provinces.

Hasan's death in 670, widely believed to be the result of poisoning, further strained relations between the two factions. Mu'awiya is often accused of orchestrating Hasan's murder to eliminate an obstacle to his son Yazid's succession, which contravened the terms of the treaty. Throughout his reign, Mu'awiya continued to persecute Ali's supporters, executing notable figures like Hujr ibn Adi. Additionally, Mu'awiya institutionalized the practice of publicly cursing Ali during congregational prayers, further exacerbating tensions within the Muslim community

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