1 янв 637 г. - Siege of Jerusalem

Описание:

The siege of Jerusalem from 636 to 637 was a pivotal event during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, marking the capture of the city from the Byzantine Empire by the Rashidun Caliphate. Here's a detailed overview of the background, siege, surrender, and aftermath of this historic event:

Background:

Jerusalem was an important city in the Byzantine province of Palaestina Prima.
In 614, it fell to the Sassanid Persians who looted the city and massacred its Christian inhabitants.
The Persians captured the True Cross and took it to Ctesiphon but returned it to Jerusalem in 628.
After the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632, Muslim leadership passed to Caliph Abu Bakr, who initiated wars of conquest.
In May 636, Emperor Heraclius launched an expedition to regain lost territory but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636.
Abu Ubayda, the Rashidun commander, decided to capture Jerusalem following a council of war in October 636.
Siege:

The Muslims besieged Jerusalem in November 636, with the city's Byzantine garrison withdrawing into its fortified walls.
The siege was not marked by relentless assaults but aimed to starve the city into surrender.
The Byzantine defenses had been strengthened after Heraclius recaptured the city from the Persians.
The siege lasted for about four months, during which the Muslims severed the city's connections with the rest of Syria.
Surrender:

Sophronius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, offered to surrender the city and pay tribute (jizya) on the condition that Caliph Umar personally accepted the surrender.
Umar arrived in Jerusalem in April 637 and signed the Umariyya Covenant, guaranteeing civil and religious liberties to Christians and Jews.
The surrender was witnessed by prominent Muslim commanders and took place either in 637 or 638, depending on the sources.
Aftermath:

Following the surrender, Jerusalem came under Muslim rule, ending nearly 500 years of Roman oppression.
Umar permitted Jews to reside in Jerusalem once again.
Umar declined an invitation to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, fearing it might jeopardize its status as a Christian place of worship.
The Muslims continued their conquests in Palestine and northern Syria, culminating in the capture of Antioch in late 637.
The construction of a wooden mosque on the Temple Mount began during Umar's time, and later, the Dome of the Rock was built by Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691.
Jerusalem remained under Muslim rule until the First Crusade in 1099.
The siege and capture of Jerusalem marked a significant milestone in the Muslim conquest of the Levant and reshaped the religious and political landscape of the region for centuries to come.

Добавлено на ленту времени:

Дата: