5 янв 1336 г. до нашей эры - Neferneferuaten (Female King) takes the thrown

Описание:

Ankhkheperure-Merit Neferkheperure/Waenre/Aten Neferneferuaten (Ancient Egyptian: nfr-nfrw-jtn) or "Neferneferuaten", is the name of a queen regnant ('female king') of ancient Egypt who reigned in her own right near the end of the Amarna Period during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her name features feminine gender traces; and one of her epithets was Akhet-en-hyes ("Effective for her husband").

She is distinguished from the king Smenkhkare, with whom she shared the prenomen (throne name) Ankhkheperure, by the presence of epithets in both cartouches.[clarification needed] It has been suggested[by whom?] that she was in fact Smenkhkare's wife Meritaten or his predecessor Akhenaten's widow Nefertiti.

The "female king" identity is also supported by the feminine form of “the justified” under the prenomen Ankhkheperure-Mery-Waenre.[6] The main inscription consists of an adaptation of the formula 777b from the Pyramid Texts, indicating the return to religious orthodoxy that the country was undergoing when the pectoral was made. Evidence from the pectoral suggests that Neferneferuaten was a female king during the restoration of orthodoxy following Akhenaten’s death.

Succession: There is no broad consensus on the succession order of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. The period from the 13th regnal year of Akhenaten to the ascension of Tutankhaten is unclear to modern historians. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence to draw a clear picture of political events. Adding to this, Neferneferuaten shares her prenomen (throne name) with Smenkhkare, and her nomen (birth name) with Nefertiti, making identification very difficult at times. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the evidence is subject to interpretation.

Many encyclopedic sources and atlases will show Smenkhkare succeeding Akhenaten on the basis of a research tradition dating back to 1845, and some still conflate Smenkhkare with Neferneferuaten. The lack of unique names continued to cause problems in books and papers written before the early 1980s: an object might be said to bear the name "Smenkhkare", when it could also be translated to "Ankhkheperure". Advocates for Smenkhkare as the direct successor of Akhenaten make the case that she is attested as "Great Royal Wife" just before the start of Akhenaten's final regnal year.

Prior to 2014, Neferneferuaten was sometimes thought to have ruled between Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. A generally accepted chronology of the late Eighteenth Dynasty is:

King Approx years
Akhenaten 17 years
Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten 2 years
Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare 2 years
Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun 9 years
Ay 4 years
Horemheb 14 years

Theories: Aidan Dodson proposes that: Smenkhkare did not have an independent reign; that Neferneferuaten must have come after him; that Smenkhkare's reign was entirely that of a coregent; and that Smenkhkare's reign ended in Year 14 or 15 of Akhenaten's reign.

Finally, Allen has used the wine docket and the strong association of Neferneferuaten with Akhenaten in epithets and on stelae to speculate that both Neferneferuaten and Smenkhkare succeeded Akhenaten, each as a rival claimant.

The 2014 publication of an inscription for Nefertiti as "Great Royal Wife" in Regnal Year 16 of Akhenaten makes clear that Nefertiti was still alive and Great Royal Wife in what was Akhenaten's second to last year; this could indicate that she was in fact the female king Neferneferuaten and the direct successor to Akhenaten.[10] This would require Akhenaten having chosen Smenkhkare as his successor in his Year 12. Smenkhkare died before Akhenaten, however, forcing Akhenaten to elevate Nefetiti to the throne as Neferneferuaten to secure his legacy. Nozomu Kawai writes:

...it can be suggested that Akhenaten appointed Nefertiti as his coregent after the demise of his male coregent, Smenkhkare. Smenkhkare's widowed queen, Meritaten, seems to have kept her title as his great royal wife. Simultaneously, Neferneferuaten obtained another epithet, Axt-n-H(j)=s, "One Who is Beneficial for Her Husband", which Gabolde used to prove this king's female identity beyond doubt... However, it is worth noting that this coregency does not seem to have lasted a long time. After Akhenaten's death, Neferneferuaten continued in power as sole ruler for approximately three years. During her sole reign, Neferneferuaten also obtained new epithets. She replaced the name of Akhenaten with references to the Aten in her prenomen and nomen. The epithet of her prenomen was then mry-Itn, "Beloved of Aten", while the epithet of her nomen became HoA-mAat, "Ruler of Truth".

That most of Tutankhamun's funerary equipment was originally made for or inscribed with the name of the female king Neferneferuaten strongly suggests that Tutankhamun, in fact, directly succeeded Neferneferuaten on the throne after the female king died. This rather suggests this revised Eighteenth Dynasty chronology table below is closer to the truth since it agrees with the historical facts.

Regardless of the order, Neferneferuaten's successor seems to have denied her a king's burial based on items originally inscribed with her name, but used for the burial of Tutankhamun. In the reign of Horemheb, the reigns of the Amarna Period kings from Akhenaten to Ay were expunged from history as these kings' total regnal years were assigned to Horemheb. The result is that 3,300 years later, scholars would have to piece together events and even resurrect the players bit by bit with the evidence sometimes limited to palimpsest.

Manetho's Aegyptiaca: Manetho was an Egyptian priest of the third century BC, in the early years of the Hellenistic period, a thousand years after the Amarna Period. His lost literary work Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt), written in Greek and now known only in fragmentary form from later writers claiming to quote his work, is the sole ancient record available.[clarification needed] Because of the deliberate suppression of histories of the Amarna succession by rulers that followed, Manetho's Amarna Period sources were incomplete at best.

Manetho's Epitome, a later epitome (summary) of his work,[by whom?]describes the late Eighteenth Dynasty succession as Orus or "Amenophis for 30 years 10 months."[13] After Orus, who is most likely Amenhotep III, comes "his daughter Acencheres for 12 years 1 month then her brother Rathotis for 9 years". According to Marc Gabolde, Acencheres is Ankhkheperure[14] with a transcription error converting 2 years, 1 month into the 12 years, 1 month reported (Africanus and Eusebius cite 32 and 16 years for this person). Akhenaten is not even mentioned in the most accurate 18th dynasty regnal list of the epitome of Aegyptiaca compiled by Josephus in Contra Apionem. Most agree that Rathotis refers to Tutankhamun; therefore, the succession order also supports Acencheres as Ankhkheperure. Manetho states that Rathotis is followed by "his son Acencheres for 12 years 5 months, his son Acencheres II for 12 years 3 months",[16] which demonstrates the limits to which Manetho may be relied upon for accuracy about the Amarna Period.

Key evidence: Inscription from the Carter 001k artifact, a box from Tutankhamun's tomb attesting King Neferneferuaten
Unlike Smenkhkare, there are no known named depictions of Neferneferuaten; she is only securely attested in inscriptions. Of particular interest is the lid of a box (Carter 001k) inscribed with the following: King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Living in Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Neferkheperure-Waenre

Son of Re, Living in Truth, Lord of Crowns, Akhenaten, Great in his duration
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands, Ankhkheperure Mery-Neferkheperre
Son of Re, Lord of Crowns, Neferneferuaten Mery-Waenre

Great Royal Spouse, Meritaten, May she Live Forever

The most definitive inscription attesting to Neferneferuaten is a long hieratic inscription or graffito in the tomb of Pairi (TT139) written by a scribe named Pawah: Regnal year 3, third month of Inundation, day 10. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands Ankhkheperure Beloved of Aten, the Son of Re Neferneferuaten Beloved of Waenre. Giving worship to Amun, kissing the ground to Wenennefer by the lay priest, scribe of the divine offerings of Amun in the Mansion [temple] of Ankhkheperure in Thebes, Pawah, born to Yotefseneb. He says: "My wish is to see you, O lord of persea trees! May your throat take the north wind, that you may give satiety without eating and drunkenness without drinking. My wish is to look at you, that my heart might rejoice, O Amun, protector of the poor man: you are the father of the one who has no mother and the husband of the widow. Pleasant is the utterance of your name: it is like the taste of life... [etc.]

"Come back to us, O lord of continuity. You were here before anything had come into being, and you will be here when they are gone. As you caused me to see the darkness that is yours to give, make light for me so that I can see you...

"O Amun, O great lord who can be found by seeking him, may you drive off fear! Set rejoicing in people's heart(s). Joyful is the one who sees you, O Amun: he is in festival every day!"

For the Ka of the lay priest and scribe of the temple of Amun in the Mansion of Ankhkheperure, Pawah, born to Yotefseneb: "For your Ka! Spend a nice day amongst your townsmen." His brother, the outline draftsman Batchay of the Mansion of Ankhkheperure.

Nicholas Reeves sees this graffito as a sign of a "new phase" of the Amarna revolution, with Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten "taking a decidedly softer line" toward the Amun priesthood.[18] Therefore, Neferneferuaten might have been the Amarna-era ruler who first reached an accommodation with the Amun priests and reinstated the cult of Amun—rather than Tutankhamun as previously thought—since her own mortuary temple was located in Thebes, the religious capital of the Amun priesthood and Amun priests were now working within it. However, Egypt's political administration was still situated at Amarna rather than Thebes under Neferneferuaten's reign.

The clues may point to a female coregent, but the unique situation of succeeding kings using identical throne names may have resulted in a great deal of confusion.

Female king: For some time the accepted interpretation of the evidence was that Smenkhkare served as coregent with Akhenaten beginning about year 15 using the throne name Ankhkheperure. At some point, perhaps to start his sole reign, he changed his name to Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. An alternative view held that Nefertiti was King Neferneferuaten; in some versions she is also masquerading as a male using the name Smenkhkare.

Things remained in this state of interpretation until the early 1970s when English Egyptologist John Harris noted in a series of papers the existence of versions of the first cartouche that seemed to include feminine indicators.[27] These were linked with a few items including a statuette found in Tutankhamun's tomb depicting a king whose appearance was particularly feminine, even for Amarna art that seems to favor androgyny.

Добавлено на ленту времени:

Дата:

Изображения: