1 янв 1883 г. - Emma Lazarus: American author of poetry, prose, and translations, as well as an activist for Jewish causes writes "The New Colossus" forever changes the original theme of the Statue of liberty, from liberty to immigration. "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the WRETCHED REFUSE of your teeming shore."

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Lazarus became more interested in her Jewish ancestry as she heard of the Russian pogroms that followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. As a result of this anti-Semitic violence, and the poor standard of living in Russia in general, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the Russian Pale of Settlement to New York. Lazarus began to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish immigrants. She helped establish the Hebrew Technical Institute in New York to provide vocational training to assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. Lazarus volunteered in the Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society employment bureau; she eventually became a strong critic of the organization.[30] In 1883, she founded the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews.[8]

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