1 фев 1909 г. - NAACP Founding: Moskowitz’s involvement in the NAACP was indicative of early Jewish support; Lillian Wald, Rabbi Emil G. Hirsh, and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise were also founders. The Spingarn brothers served as officers, and Jacob Schiff, Julius Rosenwald, and Herbert Lehman contributed funds.

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"More than any other factor, it was the participation of Northern Jews in the civil rights movement that tapped that residue. These were the people, it is recalled, who were the earliest supporters of the fledg- ling National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1914, Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University be- came chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff, Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise. Jews also were the earliest supporters of the Urban League, founded in New York in 1911 to help newly arrived black migrants from the rural South. The International Ladies Garment Workers Union and the Amal- gamated Clothing Workers took the lead in organizing "our black brothers" for union membership (over the opposition of the American Federation of Labor national board). And now, in the climactic civil rights drives of the 1950s and 1960s, Jewish participation was all but overwhelming. In the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling itself, the Supreme Court accepted the research of the black sociologist Kenneth Clark that segregation placed the stamp of inferi- ority on black children. Clark's study had been commissioned by the American Jewish Committee, and it appeared in the amicus curiae brief the Committee submitted to the court. The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Congress also submitted amicus curiae briefs in behalf of the cause. Once the judgment was issued, these Jewish defense organizations continued to file legal briefs in civil rights cases dealing with housing, employment, education, and public accommodation. Many local and state desegregation regula- tions actually were drafted in the offices of the Jewish agencies."
-"A history of the Jews in America" by Howard Morley Sachar

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