1 янв 1913 г. - Neils Bohr

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Neils Bohr was born in 1885 in Copenhagen, Denmark, to well-educated parents (Palermo, E, 2017). He was interested in physics from a young age and grew to become one of the most influential pioneers of modern physics (Palermo, 2017).

Bohr realised that Rutherford's atomic model was unstable according to classical physics, since electrons moving in a continuously changing direction should lose energy and spiral into the nucleus (Aaserud, 2020).

Thus, he applied quantum theory to postulate that electrons orbit in separate levels around the nucleus, each level having a specific energy associated with it (Palermo, 2017). Electrons could only be in each level if it had the appropriate energy, and they could release energy by jumping down a level or absorb energy by jumping up a level (Aaserud, 2020).

Bohr also postulated that electrons only release energy in quanta, specific amounts (Palermo, 2017). This means that they do not lose energy while normally orbiting the nucleus, and also explained why light is released from atoms only at specific frequencies, a phenomenon which physicists had struggled to explain (Palermo, 2017).

Moreover, Bohr's model asserted that the valence electrons, those on the outermost level of orbit, are responsible for the chemical properties of the atom (Aaserud, 2020).

Bohr proposed his model for the hydrogen atom in 1913 (Aaserud, 2020).

In 1928, Bohr announced his complementarity principle, which asserts that at an atomic scale, physical objects behave sometimes as waves, and sometimes as particles, but never both simultaneously (Helmenstine, 2020). In classical physics, these two aspects are contradictory, but in quantum mechanics, both must be considered for a fuller understanding (Helmenstine, 2020).

Bohr's model had its own flaws, such as not adhering to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, but was significant for introducing quantum theory to the atomic model.

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