18 июн 1880 г. - Naturalism

Описание:

Late 19th century. Proponents of this movement believe heredity and environment control people.

Literary naturalism emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. Other characteristics of literary naturalism include: detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, the opposite of free will, in which a character's fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life. The novel would be an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the forces, or scientific laws, that influenced behavior, and these included emotion, heredity, and environment.

Zola took this scientific method and argued that naturalism in literature should be like controlled experiments in which the characters function as the phenomena.[2] Naturalism began as a branch of literary realism, and realism had favored fact, logic, and impersonality over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. Frank Norris, an American journalist and novelist, whose work was predominantly in the naturalist genre, “placed realism, romanticism, and naturalism in a dialectic, in which realism and romanticism were opposing forces,” and naturalism was a mixture of the two. Norris’s idea of naturalism differs from Zola’s in that “it does not mention materialistic determinism or any other philosophic idea.”

EXAMPLES

William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily, a story about a woman who killed her lover, is considered an example of a narrative within the naturalism category. This story, which also used Gothic elements, presented a tale that highlighted the extraordinary and excessive features in human nature and the social environment that influences them.[6] The protagonist, Miss Emily, was forced to lead an isolated life and that - combined with her mental illness - it made insanity her inevitable fate. The environment in the forms of a class structure based on slavery[7] and social change,[8] together with heredity, represented the forces beyond her control.

There is also the case of The Open Boat, which is recognized as the center of Stephen Crane's naturalism. It essentially portrayed a naturalistic view of man with his depiction of a group of survivors adrift in a boat. The humans with their creation confronted the sea and the world of nature. In the experiences of these men, Crane articulated the illusion of gods and the realization of the universe's indifference.[9]

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