1 янв 1966 г. - TOPIC 8.11: The Civil Rights Movement Expands

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Warren Court and Individual Rights:

The Warren Court was a time when the Supreme Court made important decisions to protect individual rights.

Illegal Evidence: In the case of Mapp v. Ohio, the Court ruled that evidence obtained illegally (without a proper search warrant) could not be used in court. This protected people’s rights against unreasonable searches.

Right to Attorney if Can’t Afford: In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Court decided that if someone cannot afford a lawyer, the government must provide one. This made sure that poor people still had access to legal defense.

Right to Remain Silent: The Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that when someone is arrested, they must be told their rights, including the right to remain silent. This meant that people couldn’t be forced to say things that could be used against them in court.

Right to Lawyer when Questioned: In Escobedo v. Illinois, the Court ruled that a person has the right to a lawyer during police questioning. This protected people from being forced to give up their rights during police interrogations.

Expansion of Speech: The Warren Court also protected free speech. It ruled in cases like New York Times v. Sullivan that people could say things in the press, even if they were criticizing the government or officials, as long as they did not lie.

Separation of Church and State in School: The Court ruled in Engel v. Vitale that public schools could not have school-sponsored prayers. This was a big decision to separate religion and government, as it made sure that students weren’t forced to participate in religious activities at school.

Right to Contraceptives and Abortion: In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Court ruled that people had the right to use contraception. Then, in Roe v. Wade, the Court decided that women had the right to have an abortion, which expanded women’s rights over their own bodies.

Counterculture, Sexual Revolution, Women, and Equal Rights Amendment:

Counterculture: The 1960s saw the rise of a counterculture. Young people, known as hippies, rejected traditional social, economic, and political values. They wanted freedom and change, and they promoted peace and love. They also protested the Vietnam War and other issues.

Sexual Revolution: Alongside the counterculture, the sexual revolution challenged old ideas about sex and relationships. It promoted sexual freedom and led to changes in how people thought about sex outside of marriage, birth control, and more open attitudes toward sexuality.

Women and Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): During this time, women’s rights became a major focus. Women fought for equal pay, the right to vote, and freedom from discrimination. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution that aimed to ensure equal rights for women. Although it was not passed, it was an important movement that led to more laws supporting women’s rights.

Cause and Effect
Cause: The actions of the Warren Court and the rise of counterculture, as well as the push for women’s rights, were responses to the social and political climate of the time. People were challenging traditional norms and seeking greater freedom and equality.

Effect: These movements and decisions led to greater protections for individual rights, changes in social attitudes, and legal victories for groups like women and minority groups. The country became more open to different ideas about freedom, equality, and personal rights.

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