Pulu / Bar Ga’ah (Tiglath-pileser III) (1 ago 782 ano antes da era comum – 1 jan 745 ano antes da era comum)

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EXAMINATION OF ANACHRONISMS IN BIBLICAL AND ASSYRIAN CHRONOLOGIES by Gerard Gertoux

The chronological agreement is perfect except for the tribute of Menahem (771-760), a former king of Israel who had been dead for 22 years. In fact, Menahem actually paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser, not during his reign, but when he was co-regent under the name Pulu, a hypocoristic use of the word aplu “heir” (Villard: 2001, 850). Tiglath-pileser reused this name when he was vice-regent of Babylon (729- 727). The term vice-regent/co-regent (MAN)22 in Assyrian is sometimes used to designate the crown prince, literally “son of the king (DUMU LUGAL, mār šarri)”. In Hebrew, Assyrian king or Assyrian co- regent are referred to by the same word “king (melekh)”.
Consequently, the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul the king of Assyria and the spirit of Tiglath-pileser (745-727) the king of Assyria (1Ch 5:26). Pul the king of Assyria came into the land. Consequently, Menahem (771-760) gave Pul 1000 talents of silver, that his hand might prove to be with him to strengthen the kingdom in his own hand. So Menahem brought forth the silver at the expense of Israel, at the expense of all the valiant, mighty men, to give to the king of Assyria 50 silver shekels for each man. At that the king of Assyria turned back, and he did not stay there in the land (2Ki 15:19-20).

An inscription of Awarikku, King of the Danunites, referred to the rebellion of western states led by Mati‘-El against Tiglath-Pileser III in 743-742 BCE. It reads: This frontier region is the gift of Tiglath-Pileser, Pu’al, King of Assyria (תכלתאפלסר פאל מלך אשר) to the king and dynasty of the king of the Danunites (Kaufman: 2007, 7–26). This inscription shows that Tiglath-pileser III was previously known as Pulu. According to Menander of Ephesus (c. 200 BCE), the author of a book of Annals and translator of the Tyrian archives in Phoenician (destroyed in 146 BCE) into the Greek language, the Assyrian king named Pul(as) reigned 36 years:
The king of Assyria invaded all Syria and Phoenicia in a hostile manner (in 773 BCE). The name of this king is also set down in the archives of Tyre, for he made an expedition against Tyre in the reign of Elulaios (Luli I, 775-755 BCE). This is also attested by Menander, the author of a book of Annals and translator of the Tyrian archives into the Greek language, who has given the following account: And Elulaios30 (?), to whom they gave the name of Pulas, reigned 36 years; this king, upon the revolt of the Kitieis (Cyprians), put out to sea and again reduced them to a submission (Jewish Antiquities IX:283-284).

There are three inscriptions which show that Tiglath- pileser was crown prince at least from 792 BCE (Kataja, Whiting: 1995, XII,10-15), so from years before Adad-nīrārī III's death:
*[Adad-nerari (III), overseer (PA-lum = waklum), [son of Šamš]î-Adad (V), [over]seer, [son of Sha]lmanes[er (III), likewise, overseer] An estate [.. of x] hectar[es of land ... under the authority of] Bel-[ta]rṣi-[ilum]ma, [pre]fect of Kalhu, Adad-nerari (III), king (LUGAL) of Assyria, exempted (from taxes) and gave to [Nabû-d]ur-beliya, his eunuch. The corn taxes of this field shall not be collected, the straw taxes shall not be gathered. [The gov]ernor (and) the pr[efe]ct [shall not] e[xercise authority] over [them ..., eponymy of26].
*Adad-nerari (III), king (LUGAL) of Assyria, overseer, son of Šamšî-Adad (V), king of Assyria, overseer, son of Shalmaneser (III), king of Assyria, overseer [...] And Bel-[Harran ...] from the king (LUGAL) and the crown prince (DUMU LUGAL) before the gods for [...] as a good deed and favour [has received] for future da[ys]. By Aššur, Šamaš and [Enlil], the Assyrian Ištar, Adad, Nergal, Ninurta and the Sebetti (Pleiades), all these gods of Assyria, a future prince shall not cast aside the wording of this document. Month Ab, 26th day, eponymy of Mušalli-Inurta (in 792 BCE).
*Kid[... In the fu]ture, at any time, [neither] the descendents of Renti-[... nor] the men of the household of the crown prince (DUMU LUGAL) shall dispute anything with Abi-ul-idi, high priest, or his descendents. Future prince: do not cast aside the wording of this tablet. Month March[esvan (VIII) in 792-782 BCE]27
*Adad-nerari (III), overseer, [son of Šamš]î-Adad (V), [over]seer, [son of Sha]lmanes[er (III), likewise, overseer ...] [the cor]n taxes [of this village] shall not be collected, its [straw taxes] shall not be gathered. [... T]iglath-pileser (III) ...] In the future, [of t]his vi[llage] and all of its possessions, nothing shall be taken away [f]rom Sabu son of Ahi-Nanaya and his [desc]endents. [By Ašš]ur, Adad, Ber and the Assyrian [Ištar]: Future prince: do not cast aside the wording of this tablet [... eponym year of] Tab-Bel [the governor of Bi]t Zamani (in 762 BCE).

These inscriptions mention the presence of a “son of the king” (DUMU LUGAL) in 792 BCE, whose name, Tiglath-pileser, appears in the inscription dated 762 BCE during Aššur-dân III’s reign. In addition, the name of Tiglath-pileser is written TUKUL-ti-A-É.ŠÁR.RA Tukulti-apil-éšarra when he was crown prince, then TUKUL-ti-DUMU.UŠ-É.ŠÁR.RA Tukulti-mār-éšarra when he was king (LUGAL). The difference in meaning is minimal since -A- is read apil “heir” and DUMU is read mār “son”. Since Tiglath-Pileser III died in 727 BC and was probably 70-75 years old, he must have been born around 800 BCE and must have been about 10 years old when he was appointed royal heir (in 792 BCE). He must have been less than 20 years old when his father died (in 783 BCE). It was his young age that prevented him from exercising royal authority because he had to be able to lead military campaigns, which were then entrusted to the commander-in-chief. This unusual situation had already occurred with his father (Adad-nīrārī III) who had exercised his royal authority under the regency of his mother, Queen Semiramis (Sammu-ramāt), who had held the co-regency function for 5 years (Siddall: 2013, 13-17,129-132). This complex situation created a paradox: the reigning king did not actually exercise royal authority.

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