Late Uruk Period (1 jan 3000 ano antes da era comum – 1 jan 2900 ano antes da era comum)

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DID NIMROD BUILD THE TOWER OF BABEL ? by Gerard Gertoux

The only reliable method for dating the early Sumerian kings must be the same one used for the early Egyptian kings, which are characterised by the concomitant appearance of 1) a powerful state administration, 2) large buildings and 3) writing. The first Egyptian king, Narmer, is dated to around 3000 BCE by carbon-14 dating but to 2838-2808 by astronomy (Gertoux: 2022). If a calibration of carbon-14 measurements is done by astronomy, the Late Uruk period 3500-3100 BCE must be reduced to 3000-2900 BCE (for an in-depth discussion of this complex issue see the annex on this subject).

Archaeologists have found that towards Late Uruk there was a massive diffusion of pottery and objects of the same style, from a region including Uruk and its surroundings, simultaneously east (Elam) and west, along the Euphrates, to the Mediterranean and even to Abydos in southern Egypt. Archaeologists initially thought it was long-distance trade, but the absence of Egyptian (or Elamite) objects in Sumerian cities of that period shows that cities with Urukean pottery were colonized or built by “Urukeans”, such as Habuba Kabira, a city near Byblos. This “Uruk expansion” has crucial chronological consequences on the origin of Egyptian civilization. The primacy of the Sumerian civilisation, confirmed by archaeology, and the coincidence of the sudden collapse of this civilisation, at the time of the expansion of Uruk, with the sudden emergence of the Egyptian civilisation, allows us to conclude that this expansion was in fact a massive migration of the Mesopotamians out of their country of origin, mainly towards Egypt, in the west, and Elam, in the east, and consequently an enormous depopulation of the great Mesopotamian cities, even a quasi- abandonment during several centuries (Babel, Nineveh and Akkad). The “Uruk expansion” was thus a transitional period between the end of the Mesopotamian empire founded by Marduk and the beginning of the Egyptian predynastic kings (Dynasty 0).

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